The Six Nations

 Sampson Onwuka

The definition of this word and its importance in American history or in African American history suggest that enough light should be placed on the origins of the word which some of us are well aware of, is subject to a number of definitions. It is clearly wrong to separate marrano from the word marro, for such the latter is the direct pronunciation of the word marrano which is believed to have derived from Arabic ‘Muharam’ referring to the ‘forsaken’. If this point about the right pronunciation of the word marrano is taken into context here, it should amount to the fact that the origins of the more popular Maroons used for run way slaves may harbor a history that will throw a long light on some of confusion associated with those who arrived Americans with the so –called discoverers and those who were forced to defend themselves during the conflict between Britain and Spain. No doubt that in American history we learn of these runaway slaves in Florida, or in many parts of the country that were in the 17th hundred under the control of the Britain. What some people have questioned is how these would be slaves managed to capture guns from the dealers and used these guns against them with continues accuracy. 

We can almost suggest that the history of the American slave trade – at least as we perceive of them from what is left can measured through several punctuated gaps in history. Looking to these ages that a point about African history in terms of world history, we easily reduce the readership to the penetration of the French into Egypt and how the direct defeat of Spain by the French and Napoleon reversed the histories of Spain in the New World and in Europe. Perhaps the greater damages were done during these periods when Portugal and Spain were no longer the power houses that they were two hundred years earlier, for all intent on languages, we conceive of this period of Spanish decline or slump as a breakout point for English history, for some the date of English might may be 1759, for other it was the final days of the revolutions that changed the landscape of the World. In such estimate of the changing faces of Europe and who they applied in the world, the mirror of the search for colonies around the Globe followed the chain of replacement of Portuguese and Spanish administrative centers by the Dutch and from the Dutch and the West Indies Company, we arrive the French and the French burst in the spheres of the World with English tailing their accomplishment around the World. The role that France played in the dividing World histories in the last 600 years compare mainly its ages with the triumphs of Spain in Europe over the Muslims and in America were the French fast from Crusades more than marched and superseded on the Spanish. When it was middle ground concerning the affairs of Portugal who after their conquest by Spain lived elsewhere, where themselves reduced to Colonies of Brazil, it was the French who tailed the Dutch and attempted to weather down the problems of Pirates. The tedious years in the United States and Canada are no longer an affair in the history of these commercial enterprising, but to what extent did these events shape the course of future capitalism is till part of everyday studies in Commercial laws and its evolution.

Academic discoveries are done all the time but in terms of the established Academic Societies such as Black Studies, it requires special treatment to extricate them from influences that manufactured their existence. For all we can obtain from documented sources, many of which is the product of the 18^th and 19^th century, we read mainly the internecine affairs leading in terms of Black history to some kind of Slavery. It means that some names used for describe unrelated incident in century, do suffer the collective thesis of present tense induction, that assumption about for instance persons of history concerned with the past, for instance Black which is not the same as Moor, but when together may be seen only as Slaves or captives or others working under the difficult provisions of their Royal appointees. Understand that we speak of United States today, we speak of a society which was from the beginning not necessarily planned as the society now becomes, that the 13 Colonies preceding the Indian wars or the SENECA Nation, were considered colossal and never in the minds of the founders did they imagine that others would join, especially after the wars of French Revolution. By Deeds and by Conquest, US began to measure the possibilities of managing so large a responsibility.  Doing away with the injuries of the Slave Trade which occupy a serious portion of American history, whose interpretation has foundered many attempts at corrections, that the Institutions of Slavery like those under the Latin American Nations are studied to have been different from those under the Anglo-American institution.

Bernard Devoto (1952) 'The Course of Empire' ….Panfilo De Narvaez ...sent “to conquer and governe the provinces which lye from the River of Palmes (the Rio Grande) into the cape of Florida”, citing the case of four members who survived the so-called crash....”In early fall of 1534 the four fled from slavery, going south for a space in hope of finding their countrymen at Panuci. They knew neither where they were, nor how far their destination, nor what the lay of the land was. Almost to the end of their journey they supposed that the Gulf of Mexico was at their left.”  

“On Thursday April 9 1682, the French empire in North America got its final boundaries. Two months earlier Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, with his one-armed Lieutenant Henry Tonty, his Recollect friar Zenobe Membre, twenty other Frenchmen, and thirty-one Eastern Indians, had floated out of the Illinois River and turned down the Mississippi. They passed De Soto crossing and the farthest South of Jolliet and Marguette, followed the wake of Moscoso's retreat, and, reaching the Gulf, and had now caught up with Pineda and Narvaez. They had established where it was the Mississippi reached salt water.” 

     

Louis XIV divined as he mentioned that the 'Ohio River was the axis of its eastern half.', “Out of what the Iroquois and other Indians had told him about it, he made at least four rivers; he could not give it a sense but had the prescience to understand that it was the route between the Mississippi and the English Colonies. About the Western half of the watershed he had learned from the Indians along the Illinois River only the same fantasies that were reaching the Jesuits on the upper lakes. The claim he made ran to the Rio Grande, which the map showed but showed with elastic longitudes and purely imaginary courses and beyond it for a distance which he could not state in scale.”

“New France had the waterway to the heart of the Continent, the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes. Tributaries could be followed farther west; how far no one knew but it would be worked out. Louisiana had the highway to the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River. East of its lowest river lay Florida, a Spanish possession. West of it were Mexico and New Mexico, which is God's good time would be conquests of France. What else lay west of it no one knew, but the rivers that flowed into it would lead to whatever there might be. Two routes already known connected the Great lakes with the Mississippi, one by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the other by way of the Chicago, the Des Plaines, and the Illinois and La Salle himself promptly established a third one. The St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi, then, were the access-route, for trade or conquest, to the Spanish possessions. And they encircled the British colonies on three sides, and so could keep them walled of east of the Appalachian mountain chain. Finally, whatever the Ohio might turn out to be, roads run two ways and if the French could take it towards the British Colonies, the British, provided they were permitted to, could come down to Louisiana.”       

Anthony Wallace (King of the Delawares; Teedyuscung; 1949) presented the coming of these new arrivals from elsewhere into what is now Delaware, the name seem to have come down from people and culture.... (The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca) 1974...tells the story of the Seneca when they dominated as said, the Iroquois Confederacy – with their span of this confederacy along the Ohio Country.  The treatise in Albany and Montreal between the French and English and the issue of Indian wars. The French trading post with respect to English trading post and how they related to each other along the Iroquois – particularly the St. Lawrence… There other Iroquois such as Mingoes (2) Delaware (3) Wyandot.  English trading post include and Six Nations…...Miami, Sandusky, Guyahoga River and George Croghan and other English traders End of the war found the French expelled...British stationed at Fort Duquesne, Sandusky, Detroit, Venango, Le Boeuf, Presqu'Isle, Niagara, and Oswego – mainly in the Iroquois domain – this action curtailed the sale of property...

Seneca's plan to drive the English out of Iroquois land, led others to join the Pontiac conspiracy....including removing the English from the Indian country....between Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi – manned by the Ottawa, Chippewa, Pottawatomie, Huron, Miami, Wea, Delaware, Shawnee, Mingo (Six Nations Indians resident in the Ohio Country) different from Sioux. Few of the Indian nation that joined forces with (a) Oneida (b) Tuscarora (c) Stockbridge for the Reverend Kirkland's congregation  Oswega Council (a) Handsome Lake (b) Corn-planter ( c) Red Jacket (d) Old Smoke (e) F

The Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk, Father Le Juene was among the visitors, but then there was handsome Lake...as the author mentioned that “During his youth and early manhood, while he fought as a warrior in the last of the forest wars, he watched his society and his culture slowly crumble.” 

 “French posts stretched in a great inland arc from Quebec to New Orleans, by way of the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, the Wabash, the Illinois, and the Mississippi. The British settlements crowded the Atlantic Coast from New England to Florida and extended inland up the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, and territory of Potomac rivers and many other smaller streams. Between the two lines of settlement was a territory of disputed political sovereignty; the so- called “Ohio Country”, including the land between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, bounded westward by the Miami rivers in the present state of Ohio, and Coast-ward by the Allegheny. To this region the Iroquois laid claim on the basis of ancient conquest, their continuing use of it for hunting and the location on it of tribes politically dependent upon them. This claim both French and British recognized. Thus the Six Nations were able to use the Ohio Country as the fulcrum in a game of playing off one side against the other that kept both the French and the British perennially off balance.

With respect to the use of numbers in the describing the histories of the United States and the African Americans, it is a sickness that historians share across the globe, and in one instance we read David Stannard ‘American Holocaust’ (1992;93) discourses numbers from Indian history that are challenged elsewhere.  In his account of the Indians preceding the coming of Columbus that about “…25, 000, 000 people, or about seven times the number living in all of England, were residing in and around the great Valley of Mexico at the time of Columbus’ arrival in the New World.” That “…in Central Mexico the population fell by almost 95 percent within Seventy five years following the European’s first appearance – from more than 25, 000, 000 people in 1519 to barely 1, 300, 000 in 1595.” That in Peru for instance at least 94% of the Population was gone by the end of that century – somewhere between “8, 500, 000 and 13, 500, 000 people had been destroyed.” He continued that in southeastern Mexico the number of inhabitants dropped from. This number is challenged elsewhere by J.P Dunn, Jr. (1886), that “…at the time of the discovery of America by Columbus there were possibly 1, 000, 000 (Indians) but more probably there were only about one-half of that number.” Dunn, Jr. probed his dissertation on a certain Mr. School-craft whose smaller number of 240 thousand Indians was derived from the ‘amount of land necessary to support one man in the pure hunter state, i.e., when subsisting wholly by chase.” This sort of outlandish differences in number would not have mattered if the history was trivial, but the importance of the documentary process in the process of reenacting Indian history and the arrival of Spanish and the broadening Black history injures on the overall estimate and misguides the expectations from such history. 

For instance, we read from Stannard that “the Maya empire stretched out over a vast land area of more than 100, 000 square miles, beginning in the Yucatan region of Southern Mexico, across and down through present-day Belize and Guatemala toward the borders of Honduras and El Salvador”, this theory looks to show the vast influence of the Maya which is not in question, but the problem is in the author’s attempt to push the cultural influences of the Maya to the boundaries of Mexico and Texas and to parts of California. It is important that the citations from the text and from other sources are important, since without our proper understanding of the different shades of Indian histories – we would have taken the claims of a further than accounted reaches of a culture that is centered in Guatemala and not necessarily in Mexico. But in Dunn, Jr. attempting to peel away the disguise from this claim clearly stated that “The opinion that they (Zuni) are the remains of a former Aztec settlement of the country has received much support. They have traditions of an early government by the Montezumas, and are said still to preserve the sacred fires instituted by them. On the other hand, these people were utterly unknown in Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest, and many of the best authorities doubt that the Aztecs came from the North at all.”       

Stannard history essentially throws light on Indian parity in the American history. Although he failed to show the evolution of some of the Indian history and how some of the names may have evolved, for instance the Apache known to have wreaked damage to Spanish interest and known to have opposed other Americans successfully,  are said by C. L Sonnichsen (1958) to have derived their names from Spanish themselves who called them 'Apacheria' to the geography in which a certain group of these Indians were found from 'an enormous expanse of Sandy plains and rocky mountains reaching from California to Texas, and from Colorado into Old Mexico. Most of it was wasteland – practically a desert – where only the hardiest of God's creatures were at home' and in the words of Sonnichsen “The Spaniards called it Apacheria”, a claim that is affirmed by Dolores Gunnerson (1974) on the history of 'The Jicarilla Apaches’ whereas the Jicarilla is derived from the Cup-like houses these Indians built as opposed to Chocolate. According to Sonnichsen the Jicarilla were mainly located in the north and east of Santa Fe, where the Mescalero spanned from the 'Sierra Blanca in the southeast – into the Texas Panhandle, South to the Big Bend country of Texas, and into Mexico, where, with their cousins the Lipans, they had raided the ranches and villages for centuries.”

For all intent of history, several variations were necessarily responsible for deriving the names of Native Indies (1) Language (2) Culture (3) Personality (4) Geographical range (5) Size....The names are article of modern history which is no confined to the present, had origins elsewhere, and suggest that the large proportioning of Indians in Americans are numbers that are little described elsewhere like the Guadalupe on the New Mexico-Texas Lines whose language may be associated with David Mountains and Indians on the 'Big Bend of the Rio' who speak Athabasca. Margot Artrov making sense of the religion of those left behind, suggest that these people were themselves Sun worshipers, with their soul of the Apache to be closer to a 'painted white woman' and the 'winged serpent', whereas these religious groups are not confined to Mexico, it is impossible to deny that the author did not write herself into the picture.

      

The Mescalero Apaches were known for their highly distinctive physical feature as 'Muchacho Negro’ and the celebration of their purity. From all arguments it seems to show that American Indian names 'Carlanes, Palomas, Jicarillas, Faraoner, Lipanes, Natamhes, Apache, De Perillo, and Misceleros', are Indian names which seem to have Spanish origins than the original names.  The rest of the Indians including Delaware of far North and Creek Indians of the South Central, the Chatowi are not believed to be originals names, are said to be a name derived from either a specific way of life, how they looked, or from their original locations. The Apache Indians for instance, were so distinct in their existence that their conflicts with Mexicans (a name derived from the Incas) and their colleagues were easily decided in the open Apache. It is not eagerness to suggest that the Apaches and Navajos couldn't have been one group to begin with, had to be a small group of families of some hundreds– some of them historically a few households, some of them evolved from the disfranchised problems of Spanish interest in 16^th century Americans in certain parts of the South – particularly in New Mexico (Mejico) after Ibarra and Onate. The military expedition of Spain into parts of Florida, South of Texas, South Arizona and Southern California in the 16^th centuries ended independence of these Natives and their primitive cultures but gave new wings to their resistance, to the removal of Spain from parts of the South States of America and a return under De Vargas.... to new societies which emerged from late in the 17^th centuries. The Apaches of Arizona fought the 'Spaniards and Mexicans' for 'three hundred years' and continued their resistance to till the end of the Civil wars in America. The New American Society fresh from Mexican War decided to combat the problem once and for all and the Apache resistance came to its 'climax in Arizona in 1886 as five thousand soldiers organized to run down Geronimo and Naiche.... The Chapter ended with the transportation to Florida of all Chiricahua and Warm Springs Apaches.” It was considered a disgraceful day no less callous as they say than day Chiricahua Apaches who came from “Oklahoma in 1913, were settled at White Tail.”

It is not to be missed that the Central parts of United States fell into the hands of the French who were by far the main driving force of what is now the North America, for yet when we look at the lasting Age of the dislocating Kansa-Nebraska Act, the Missouri Compromise, and the attempts by attempts by EX-slaves most popular of whom is Fredric Douglass in his opposition to the re-invocation of the 1793 Fugitive Act, his running to former Iroquois Territories of Rochester New York, Syracuse New York, whereas other moved still to Pennsylvania may not be simply reduced to the faith or the Character of the English who deposed the French from the North, than the new America whose spirit began from these areas decided by conflicts with both French,  English and Indians. It is looking back at the composition of the Blacks after the declaration of the Independence can history of Spain leading to the coming of Samuel Champlain, La Salle, gradually make sense. If America is anywhere confined to its origins and where from the beginning it shone its first light, it reverts to Florida as perhaps the First and oldest States, it reverts to New Mexico and Texas as the earliest of these States, especially new Mexico and Arizona long before the founding of the Northern proliferate culture. Weaving in this case a magic wand over Jamestown and lasting Virginia Company, the relentless manifest economic persuasions of Thomas Smyth and the third hand funding of the travels of Henry Hudson, whose navigating into the deeper channels of the routes associated with Esteban Gomes and Verrazano, and whose arrival in New York is said to have preceded the Dutch Indian Company.  It looks easy that understanding American history from a period of arrival in the South and South by Southwest and Gulf of Mexico arguable the place that Columbus is hero in his time but for leading to the cycles of Indian conquests by Europeans Nations, we may be gifted the lasting image of the formative years of the Country showing its people -ship over the Centuries and perhaps add new meaning to the united States as if the themes of the Constitutions as argued by some Historians but the idea of United States staged from backdoor of an Indian League whose fate was sealed in Albany and Ottawa. It looks reasonable to assert the temptation of considering United States as part of the earliest penetration in the Indies did not abate long into the 21^st century.

 ‘The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation by John Ehle, ‘Trail of tears’, “Gregorio Garcia in his origen de las Indios de el Nuevo Mundo (1607), Bartolome de las Casas, Thomas Thorowgood in his Iewes in America (1650 and 1660), John Eliot in his conjectures, Manasseh ben Israel, Cotton Mather, Roger Williams, William Penn, Charles Beatty in the Journal of two Months Tour (1766)…” other should include James Adair who lived among the Cherokee for forty years decided that the Indians were one of the lost tribes of Israel.   

Comparing the Cherokee to Jews largely on the Exodus of the nation from Georgia to other parts of South of United States is poor light….Aside the festivals of Cherokee which the author hinted on, it can be argued that there is hardly anything that particularly close to Jews from the Cherokee nations, but yet it is not a tale of a people with due respect to other Indians in the Americans, rather there is a long chain of interpretations of the Cherokee and their nation which many visitors have in the past considered and taken into accounts, and accounts of their being Crypto-Jews is to be taken for granted or overlooked, but to the degree that the conjectures the lost tribe of Israel, some similarity point to something unique about their way of life, and in the words of Samuel  Schwartz certain Crypto Jews may have made to the Americans and are well found in Mexico until sometime in 1670 CE. The elements of his reason are that religions groups can still found in these areas that seem to be a cross-over between Christianity and Judaism. While it is possible that these groups existed at some point in the Americans, it is difficult to suggest which of the Indians are been referred to and when they came from. This problem of putting all the tribe in Americas into one basket as Indians is quite detrimental, and to the degree that a separation exists between older groups and never groups, it is common sense to rest the argument that the Mayans for instance are among the earliest Mexicans compared to the people of Middle East. There is other such as Iroquois and Algonquin and some others such as the Inuit and the Eskimo, others included the Aztecs, common associated with arrivals from what sis perhaps now Low lands of Europe.  These comparative relationship between Aztec and Celtic for instance and the relationship between the Norsemen and Mayans, may be due to the language and the cultural affinity which people argue tend to exist between these personages.

But in proper light of the history of Architecture and the history of world languages and other important historical elements from the Indies and these part of Europe, we regard that lapses exist between the age of the more formidable buildings in Europe and the Pyramids in Mexico, lapses exist between the oldest building in Indian and under the kushan for instance the Asoka structure that suggest that the Olmos Culture or what is Americas and Kom Ordos in Egypt and Middle East, such that Ordmuz which appear in Persia as associated with Ahura Mazda, may have forced some kind of abandoning of the seemingly misleading but probably intact theories about the Greenland – Low land Europeans and the Norse culture and those we find in Mexico and the Americans for instance the Eskimos and Inuit. But then we are looking at the cultures of Meso-America from older times that seems shed lights of fraternal existence on the Americans such as those we find in the Ohio River, like the Shawnee and the Cherokee on the further ends of the Trial, to have taken new and newer forms as we encounter others such as the Uteh nation which are probably one of the most trying tribes that can be associated with deportees from Seville and from Spain. It is history that the Uteh (Utah), mingled with outsides only as late as the 19th hundreds, that they died in reasonable numbers in true that their language was still understood by the Fur traders many of whom spoke dislocated Aramaic is indicative but perhaps still not conclusive that the Mormons and their wealth discoveries in Utah can flower on the soil of earlier arrivals. In a way, the conclusion that these natives were all Indians may have given the that their history were also the same, may have joined the past which is not entirely feasible with punctuated eras of history, to be one and continues group.

As we navigate from Mexico which was the place that Vespucci probably landed during his first visit which he considered a direct connection to Asia, to Americans, we perforce the need to consider that initially locations of these natives such as the Uteh nation who I suspect is not unrelated to the Haute Nation of the Jews, many of whom were still found with their locks intact and numbering about 1000 including men, women and children, reduced to this number by war and pestilence, are not without intense Crypto-Judaism – not that it matters but does account for the foraging of what was essentially became the nation.  Several element of these Indians seem to suggest that several parts of the Continent throw light on new arrivals, many of whom came from Asia – no doubt – some from Baltic including and probably Berbers, but a sizable number of those who may be found in the North were probably new arrivals, proved of that is the absence of common and ancient artifact that compares to any length with Mayans and with Aztecs who toppled their government. Enough has been said about the comparative mythology of these Indians  but there is such a disconnect between them and some of the things fundamental to Jewish practice like Idols which Mexican Indians such as Mayan approbated and like Samuel Schwarz also pointed, the sacrifice of humans  and children in praise of some god or deity. That all things Jewish are compared from several normative religion but the one most fundamental was the prohibition to Idol worship and agenda for Schwarz, Child Sacrifice is also forbidden. But this is nowhere the case with some other like the Cherokee who also forbid making graven images, but the more outstanding of these tribes at least from points well known are the Uteh nations.   

It shall make some sense to consider other point of interest, for instance, Norman Roth writing in the Jewish dialectic commons, for instance, his essay on ‘Coexistence and Confrontation; Jews and Christians in Medieval Spain’ cited that “The first Jews who arrived in Dutch New Amsterdam, and later to become New York, were coincidentally Sephardic Jews escaping the Portuguese takeover of Recife in Brazil. They were not welcomes warmly by Peter Stuyvesant, governor of Dutch city in America.” This brief introduction of the very important history is compromised in riddle, for sure, we may regard the statement as accurate because this is the case, but there is something missing from the Dutch – not just Haute who were said to have arrived at some point in Brazil also, but on who Peter Stuyvesant would become through history.  There is a tale about the fact of Stuyvesant who was a Chief in New York following the bloody outcomes of a deal or presumed deal between Peter Minuit and the supposed Indians over Manhattan.….     

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This clinical assessment without indulging the linguistic jurisprudence affirm to the largest extent of possible departures in the overall history of the Meso-America, and from all written and archaeological sources it means to suggest that these people may have been permeated by visitors, and it is correct, that a group that may or may not have originated from India or China or Japan on later years would have visited the place or visited the North America, or even settled in North America and South America is probably correct, that there were others from elsewhere which we may not entirely know is also correct, that there were people who may arrived from Scandinavia and Europe is true if only other facts are counted such as the age of the buildings erected by the Aztecs in North America (Mexico) and the Architectural revolution taking place in Mediterranean, Africa, Asia and Europe alternately or simultaneously.

The work of the people we call masons in Architecture – with particular respect to the foundation of the buildings and the surroundings, reached the highest point in the centuries between the 7th and 11th centuries, and in these centuries as the buildings in Mexico show, including the Governors Place as the call – Uxmal- bearing other names that are also Aramaic (Arabic) in origin with hints of Islam in its building construction as first proof that the North America was not uninhabited, and that the name of  the place Uxmal from all indication is probably close to Usmane 

At least the name is neither Spanish nor Mexican in current form and the name if we carefully breakdown is closer to Arabic or a language that is not far. It is not a contention that the names of the Inka do not include a lot of the letter 'v' known to be quite familiar with proper Arabic and other Persian-Asian languages such as the Sanskrit. The language is therefore Aramaic given the age of the arrival and correlation of the Aztecs Architecture in Mexico and what was available in Africa, Middle East and Europe, or at least, the language is something close to Greek but probably not Arabic or Sanskrit.  It is not unknown that the Umayyad – purely in my view may have also reached in this region or may have been part of the dislocation that took place in India and South Arabia with Iraqi or the Abbasids dynastic leading their way in unknown regions of the world.  That they displaced the Mayans may be a story that was not well known that the region was well transverse from its more recent 7th century till the coming of the Spaniard. That does include that the those who displaced them with some knowing of either’s past, and the rest of the wide and wider world of North America including the language spoken by Aztecs, written in paper but reduced to ashes by the Evil priest of Spain, is further limits of the all that is history continues.

North America was a page in the annals of world history, so also the Mauri of the further North in Australia, a point in the circus that is unlimited to time that a possibility of images suggesting the dragon ships could not be so much as a grant that Maura is both Indian as well as North African. But again the languages may be damaged or blighted or may have also seen a different influence from elsewhere, took several routes and punctuated with destructive as well friendly visitors. The Maury Empire of India has all the arguments to make about their travels, but from the Sassanian and their golden years of Sea Navigation and robust experimentation with fruits as things of the earth, there is little doubt that the 7th century Gupta of India that succeed the Maury were not following the path cleared by cultures such as the Sassanian or the Scythia, or others like the Parthia of earlier incarnation.

None of these names should suggest that the presence of the Parthia or Scythian should account for the variety of color in the North America, but we may be seeing the history of the North America as a history punctuated by parallel and verifying accounts of others in the overall outcome of world history. In thumps point to Architecture – even structure – we may hold on the very visible, we indicate that the Architecture do evolve de-novo, that is a deliberate institution that must be thought and preserved through a learning and practical process. As such a pyramid structure existing in Europe and simultaneously in Africa at about the same age, is not suggestive of some kind of correlation – no doubt like the case with Priests of Edfu and Persia -, rather tend to suggest an extension of an institution from one form to another, one base to another. If not correlative as we should suggest that African and Middle East history show, then it will be a matter of outright conquest of Mexicans (Meso-Inka) over     

The issue of Atlantis civilization may have come and but as far Atlantis exist as probable name of unknown land, though the final chapters of the Palankas for instance is so recent that Atlantis of older vaunted age could only have been mentioned as passing refraction to the culture that dominated the people of Mesoamerica, but may not accurate as the primordial entity that led to the so called Aztec. It was all a late affairs which many have problem essentially dealing on. In essence, attempt at understanding the late development of their Mayan Architecture, in the context of the ‘Barbarian North’ – the Aztecs manifest in various many ways before the cultures of the world began to renegade the very mature culture so to speak, where far advanced and were also known to be foreigners. How could that all be?

It would not matter that several school draw on this past on a clear and empty canvass that was American unwritten past, though primarily Indian in relation to Europe in the North, torch on Spain in South America and by extension, the claims that these areas were at some point or another cultures under some empire central to Mexico and Guatemala is popular history. Clearly, the attitude of the Spain to natives and to others under the spell of their administrative intelligence established limits and boundaries which inseminated the problems of caste and race with survival and superiority.

'Whereas the New England of the North may not be said to have existed without due respect to New France of the North America, New France is nowhere dissimilar to New Amsterdam, all of which may be argued as a mimeses on a New Spain with founding ideology of how Europe was to unravel its dominion over the Indian Frontiers. Looking forward from the visible problems of Muslims and the Moors, themselves enemies of the Christianity, who the Spaniards had to deal with, the forced migration of Jews and others from Iberian, the attempt on the lives of Isabella who remained indoors for most of her active living, and fared better than like Ferdinand whose assassination attempt by Juan Caranas, left a permanent neck and shoulder injuries and distrust between him and the conversos of any blood than Spanish, quickly removed the lid placed on the transfer of prisoners from Spain to the New World, and following the death of Isabella authorized the Colonists to create boundaries between the settlement and the rest of the Natives in the Indies. It should be history, or perhaps not, to place some of the attitude of Spain and in fact Portugal on the direct and visible encounters with the people of the Sword “the Mahatma” and the circumstances and then tension aroused from this periods also demands an explicating of the early and preemptive behaviors of Spain to others of non-Iberian meaning. What this should mean? It allows a contention that this age of uncertainty borne of the discomfiture of inquisition which preceded the auto de fe, mere acts of faith, yet from all allusion of the age, it was acts based on the salinity of one faith.

We come burying the hatchet of that century, wallow the probability that the Colony produced reasons for new entrant into New Territory and gradually, some of the reserves about the rights of these Moriscos gradually lost meaning, some of the redeemed had to place new faith in new territories, and the unredeemed who surrendered in Alhambra were gradually relocated to farm out their initial seven years in exchange of freedom. Yet others accused of any number of designs on the New Spain including rousing rebels in Native America and Sovereign Spain, were delineated from any strong hold and had their rights removed from basic humanity. For when the likes of Philip II arrive in Spanish History, Spain was no longer to be regarded as a society struck together by Catholic means; it means rich enough to strike off on their own. 

The circumstance surrounding the arrivals from Spain and Portugal to largely new world were no longer remembered, and in more ways than one the Orders of Christ for reasons of safety and more searching reasons of Patronage to Spain, sustained the oppressive dictate of the Royal Kings reaching back from strangely and largely pedantic past which no longer mattered a decade or so after the after the inquisitions. If understanding the history Spanish character in America, especially from the Cortes to Onate's, is a challenge for this age, it is from blinds of religious Inquisitions in Spain to the demarcations and physical apartheid in New Spain will the reasons for such character largely unfold.

  

Let it be considered that from majority of the accounts of Slave following the formations of Fur Company in 1603 by Champlain and De Mont, that the language of the Jamestown indigenes and the permeation of the South which were not wholly the concern of Spain, it seems that these ages of Slave trade need to be understood, needs to be clarified. In common sense to some of the Schools of the Slave trade which dominate discourses on Black American history, especially the arrivals at Plymouth, the roles played by Dutch and English leading to the East Indian Company and British Royal African Company, the concentration of conflict between the 40^th and 46^th parallel latitude of the Pennsylvania, the entrance of Louis XIV, the attempts to widen the French interest in the North and in Canada, the coming of Queens Anne and the wars both in Europe and in the Americans which neither side of the French and the English won out, may be seen as instrumental in removing the Spanish interest beyond the waters of Texas and perhaps Florida, and may be reasons why Columbus for instance may have discovered South America but to the North – even to the first of the States of Florida – it may or may not been Vespucci. At least the lack of interest of Spain in Florida in spite of the claims by Ocampo, Ojeda, and Ponce Leon, the poor showing of Spain beyond the upper rungs of California and presumptions Coronado's expedition adds to the assumptions that what was left of these United States was for that pioneer European nation essentially unknown.

When from the maps of M…we read therewith of the Vespucci and land of Vespucci and see the composite of an Island which are found in the Fourth Part of the World Map, this small Island could not be said to be a United States, for if this is remotely the case, the Map as suspected was a product of 18^th century.  United States as an Island of some sort was only clearly understood after the Lewis and Clark expedition. Therefore the Spanish attention towards the South of Country remained an isolated incident free from marauding of Turks and the outside the interest of Asia power houses such as China. It is for this reason that attitude of the subjects in the Spanish areas were affected over the years, that if we the bonds of slavery were severed in much of the World in 1818, and the inquisition ended a few decades later, the main actors of that apocalyptic Spanish decade of 1490's have long left the stage, that the ruins of that age did not begin and end in new land, that such histories only continued since it was largely human to take advantage of other people's weakness,

It continued in various forms in South America, continued in some form or another in what is now Brazil, to the point that the descendants from Angola made elaborate and highly conceited effort to get away from the Sugar Plantations. In the East of Africa and in parts of the West where the Portuguese had some interest, and as argued supplied slaves to Spanish strongholds in the South America, these areas were never free from the disasters that fell upon beginning the arrivals of Portuguese vessels and the destruction of Pemba by combined Muslim and Portuguese merchants. It looks fitting to also argue that the peonage from the Iberia culture was an obstacle to the latter day demands of independence, which from all accounts of the rest of the pioneers blacks and Africans, is a footnote to West Africa.        

'

'''''''''''''''''

We may surely mean well to suggest that prolonged struggles in places such as Cleveland and much of Ohio, between the Europeans of 17th and 18th century and natives was due to the fact that when they arrived there, many of them saw Blacks and Indian of nearly while persons. The story of Ohio and the story of Mathieu De Costa and those Canadians Indians need to be widened largely for what it may deliver to the rest of us and to world history. But in principle, the historical digest of State of New York where Gomez and Verrazano where quite familiar with is riddled in a power tussle between Jan Rodriguez and company and a certain Dutch business man by Mossel who wanted to use force to overcome Rodriguez sometime in 1613 CE. The resulting story is well known that the area that is called Manhattan was first inhabited by Indians but the first non-Indian resident who cultivated the area preceding Peter Minuit and Peter Stuyvesant is Rodriguez and company. The formation of the so-called Dutch West Indian Company which arose out of the necessities of Brazil settlement and West Indies may be due to these marranos many of whom where Christian converts living in Holland, some of whom came from  Marie De Medici’s surprise removal of Jews from France in 1615 CE. The rest where products of the past leading from the conflicts between the Turks and the Mussulmen across the straits, such that the spite between these two breeds of Muslim - enjoyed and endured from each other - led to spate of compulsive attacks at Sea and when it mattered more in Spain, the Turks did not lift a single arm to help their fellow Muslims who lost Granada after a long siege of the South West Sea by Aragon. The result was damage to Islam fabric which was the general world and which gave its empire and meaning a different direction. In America and as in Brazil, the story of slaves running to places that could shield them will point to the fact that the pursuit of runaway slaves by the British and the Europeans into the strong of communities that were already in the States

 

It must in the end be stated that the basis of concluding that everything black or Africa or others was a contamination from slave trade is based on any number of itemized reasons, some of which is the class of dominions and interested groups in Islands of the Americans and then in the foreground of the Americans leading to the challenge of Authority which buried the past of its victim in the ashes on victors. From the lasses of Dutch and the primordial connection between the French and the Indians over Fur, there is nothing to question the fact that these Maroons as they were called are no doubt those elements of the past which made their way to the Americans via the Spanish. In some sense, the rove of ownership preceding the American Psychology – either as the mandate from Thomas Jefferson and the Sovereignty of the United States as one and indivisible entity from one end to another – as championed in the Mexican wars and in the raid of Andrew Jackson, it is entirely arguable that the acquisition of the lands within the territory of what is now United States incorporated the histories of those who may have stood above the problems of slave trade called Marranos or Marros, or those who nestle the Caribbean under the Spanish and in America as Maroons, but for the fact that following the commission to investigate the whole lateral of United States as suggested by Alexander Hamilton and as proved by the journeys of Lewis and Clark, United States which was in the beginning 13 states and some others who joined in, became a large and continues expansion until  the last of them all in 1930. We should understand that the History of the past especially the Spanish is to be confined to a small area and to the Caribbean which was home to the Marros (Jews) from Spain and that the expulsion of these Jews and others from Spain and Portugal also led to the problems of embarkation on these people who surrendered and who received terms of their surrender in 1492. But of course the Christian coalition that ended the ruler-ship of Moslem also celebrated their freedom to exercise their wishes on those who accused on being ‘morally depraved’ usurers.

For sure the psychology of the slave trade in United States is one that varies between the events in the Northern part of United States and Virginia from the slave trade issue in the South such as Georgia and Mississippi, the worst days of the Mississippi slave trade may be referred to 1830 through 1850, for if we are to tell of the problems of Mississippi and Alabama slave trades and their forays in that direction, we will discover that the initial population of the slaves who arrived along the Mississippi trial or what is called the Oregon trial were small in number, so small that these are soldiers from the everglades, many of them raided during the rise of Andrew Jackson and some of them blown from their Forts – the So called Negro Fort which was among the Forts in what was perhaps among Seminole of Florida. These soldiers captured with the help of Creek Indians were sent to work in labor camps as prisoners of war under Andrew Jackson and the place they were sent included Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia (following the discovery of Gold), and eventually Texas. These nameless people were not claimed by some people who petitioned the U.S Army about these Forts where the so-called slaves ran to, which following the declaration of independence and the departure of the English were harbors for people who left for their freedom. In essence, the problems of runaway slaves came from a few sources but these sources were never substantiated and may perhaps at times be due to a few people with connection to persons of interesting, and knowing that Forth which were not under the plans of the original United States existed, that these Forth may have had guns and Pirates but where weakened by the problems of Sea blockage and the Siege in the Atlantic, simply raided these places and then the numbered who didn’t surrender where simply shot. The issue is injurious to what would have a total effort on the part of the Continental Army to secure what was called Colonial base for the Patriots, but it was without reason that the attack was intended to force Seminoles and others into orbit of these United States. Prove of this was not the celebration  of Forts which the Spanish maintained were theirs and then the English maintained they took it over, but to the degree that Andrew Jackson (Jacksonville) was named in Florida after one of the most contentious Forts.  In the end, the direct military acquisition of Florida was never achieved until sometime later and needs be said that the incident of Haitian Revolution just across the everglades was not influence of what was happening in the United States. It would have raise the questions of the intentions of the leaders and the founders of the country if the issue about the Haiti as deciding factor on why Florida was important since the Haitian were pretty emulating the Americans in their efforts to rid themselves of the French and the British why attack? Unless of course American Independence was not exactly true or that Florida was fertile and had a lot of cows tendered by Seminoles and other tribes who arrived with Ponce Juan and Bilbao of nearly 280 years early, were rubbed of these property at gunpoint. It is a harsh judgment but it was buried under the reasonable assumptions of Security.

We are not at liberty to compare the statement from the 15th century Portuguese who called a part of Nigeria and Cameroons, ‘The Bight of Biafra’ for the roots of the word ‘Biafra’ seems to be connected to the ‘Chosen Location’ …..'Bay of Fish'  or at least similar to the saying, 'Kamaron' in East of Africa heading the Asiatic... and the point is not well rehearsed but in meaning it be understood from Spanish and Portuguese History concerning West Africa. Of course the stories of Prester John is well known and we have hindered on some of these stories and we may yet indicate that the Prester John as a common and recurrent element in the history of the disasters of the 1490s, cannot be made to relate to the coming of others in the slave trade era. It can be called a challenge to history to suggest that the Spanish who are accused of setting the stage for slave trade in Africa are not without blames but these blames should not survive the fact that Jews who nestled in Cameroons and Soa Tome, where not people who were seeking new lands and were not perhaps that different from others that will go into slave trade in later centuries. In the end, there is a history of slave trade that is not without color, perhaps due to the defeat of Dutch in Brazil who as they mentioned where themselves Jews. These people arrived in the New World as refugees and settlers and were themselves forced into conflict with the English and after the war lost some much of their property and their lands. The issue of forced labor as from war is one that rendered unimportant in understanding how these people how these British who hardly made it to Africa until 1700 would be in possession of thousands of slaves. It seem that the meaning of the word ‘slaves’ was derived from terms such as ‘freemen’  a term that both refers to a man or woman of faith at some point or someone or soldier who was manumitted through redemption and paying of money. Usually the conquered whose lands were appropriated do not always the means to pay and they naturally ended up in labor camps as bargain for their freedom after some years. But as we know from New York history and from other forms of world history, this is not always the case that laws as the case with New York can be made in such a way that it would be impossible for forced labor to materialize freedom. It is always the case that foot problem or Achilles tendons is so far from the head gear to the point if that the hands that hold the swords or the guns swing easily at each direction.        

Going by the Portuguese actions in Brazil during after the 15^th century Age of discoveries, the account of the capture of Pernambuco and Marahno of Brazil which took place at the beginning of the 17^th century almost a hundred years after the arrival of the first outsiders to Brazil, the transfer of humans from Africa to many parts of Portugal could have hardly taken place in large numbers even in the 17^th century let alone the 16^th century which was marked as much by the uncertainty of the period. We may escort the themes of Slavery in two principle periods of the last returning 500 years, one from the Age following the claims made by the Philip II that all of Indies was by Patronage a Spanish property –itself a theme derived from the pages of the 1x494 accord than the peonage argument that the Spanish were the first to discover the Indies. We compare that these areas where still called in 1574 by Philip II and pope the Julius II as Indies, makes little of no mistakes about the uncertainty of that period that in spite of the destructions of Mexico and caprice of Cortex, that the granting of audencia to the Mexico in 1538 to include the realms of Guatemala south of the Pacific, the Honduras and the Nicaragua in later stages under the New Galicia, and the formation of Nuevo Leon, New Spain, Tabasco, provided the blanket reasons for later excursion of the maps of history to include much of these areas as under Spain as opposed to the Catholic Church, to the limits of what was Texas. Yet the claim had to be granted for more casual reason of Catholic Order that were present at the 16^th century in the New World all of whom like those who will visit Africa, were all involved in doing good and converting those pagans to Christianity. In short, it is save to exert that the earliest penetration of these areas, itself a product of an era, itself a continuation of a kind of crusade as argued by one Carol …to be the reasons for Christopher Columbus emphasizes on Gold and material wealth. These explorers were acting in the names of Christianity and the Catholic Church, has been argued as regents of Catholic Kings leading the way open for others of similar faith and from Europe such as the Venetians, the Genoese, the French, the English to enter the Sea in the names of their national flags who hired them and in the names of Catholic Church and to do good. The conflict between the Dominican and Franciscan Orders mainly of Spanish recluse and the Jesuits from a selection of the French interpolated with others from Portugal and elsewhere leading to formal and eventual expulsion of Jesuits in some areas under the Colony of Spain and in retaliation, these Jesuit as sponsored by the French and in the names of Kings of France and of the formidable Jack Cartier, revenged on the Spanish, ravished their properties and began to align themselves with the Indians who were claimed to have been reduced to human rubble by Spanish in disguised literature such as the Black Legends. Taken together, we find it easier to suppose that the areas of West Indies and parts of what is Spain, was never truly Spanish until much later including their presence in Cuba which was powerful in Sugar Plantation but where totally and commonly harassed Chimarro ( Maroons) as first reported Peter Martyr an Italian in English service. The revolts in Cuba and in parts of the West Indies in 1522 is far too early date for those who were taken as Slaves – so to speak from Africa – to have begun to exert their freedom saving that the Plantations were loose were held  by loose Cabals but increasingly worsened through the years. In the image of the opposition of the Slave (?) importation to West Indies as early as the 1520 and later under the spell of Philip II, it is hardly conceivable that the number of slaves from East Africa to Brazil – which did not materialize its meaning till in the 17^th century – would have harbored so many Africans leading from one large area, Angola. The theory of several people who said to have arrived the New world from Mozambique is too clearly an error that is no way dissimilar to the mistake of Angolans; names derived from the verbs used to describe persons of mixed variety and in terms if Angli does not refer nowhere to Africa let alone the Angola which did not exist until the 19^th century.          

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

There is intelligence in Music and Arts when studying the Slave institutions in Louisiana, but the quarrel between these academic forces seem to have arrived from 18^th and 19^th century, centuries away from the earliest contact between primary European others and those who nested in West and East Africa. One factor that animates on this view is the writings on Leo Fribonus (), though empathic attempt to resurrect Africa history do not propel histories of the Africans with all the proper parties of religion which affected. One influence which has remained undeniable is from James Roger – not necessarily on the same plateau as W.E.B Dubois but in Dubois we may remember that decided influences came from James Rogers. There is African Studies beginning with arrivals of Christian groups in the North of Africa and with the dissent over the comments of C.F.C Volney and the French military experts of what they taught of Africa. This intellectual linage suffer from essence in comparable performance with Black Studies, being a history which cannot be extricated from the Colonials whereas the Colonials on increasingly replacement, departed each from the succeeding era of history that by 18^th and 19^th century Prester Johns and Mansa Musa, history of Jewish struggles in Abyssinia and Ethiopia, the histories of the war between Muslims in Africa and Christians of the same continent – how even in late age -  they were total departed from older European and African histories, some torching the years....compromised to antiquity. In W.E.B Dubois, there is a hint of the connection between Black Studies and African histories, for the initially though a product of many years of struggle and triumph is as much a product of Anthropology as it is history, but the effects of Anthropology on American interpretation of BLACK history seem to be resolve in one line. The aspect of frontiersmen for the Americans do not merit a mention, the aspect of explorers of Black or African Antiquity is probably not true, may represent an attempt to resurrect some pride and the aspect of American formative structure; construct of its society away from the Arts and Music, are not taken serious. If we partake in the divine historic of the Americans completely or at least a fair average, it would be sufficient to bury the gaps in these histories, prune the legacies of African influences on the Americans, prune above the legacies of Slavery whose side is a society still decided from its past.  William Leo Hansberry is shaft between Dubois and the later saints of Henry Louis Gates. Jr., and August Meier, and to this group may be added Juliet Walker. We are no sure what these groups including Kwame Appiah really represent or the more demonstrative Cornel West, but looking at the large swell of intellectual inheritances and breakthrough, it would seem on direct impression that the total definitions of Africa America History or the Black Studies in general may navigate between have come by other writers and leaders who are no blacks themselves.

Of course the person of Basil Davidson for African history is believed to have done much good, but the good he has done, has equally perpetuated more severe errors. Reading his books on African history especially the West African, we may see a first and more mature look at Mali and Niger River, the times of Mari Data (Sundiata) and his son Mansa Musa whose face was known to have attracted the interest of Henry the Navigator. It some sense beginning with the Portuguese penetration of West Africa from the Canary Islands to further West sometimes in search of Gold would be said to justify their latter days’ behaviors in South Americans. In addition to the problems over Guinea and the Canaries, discussing Spain begins with Moors entrance in 1086 and the more virulent Almovids whose revolution began in Ghana, we learn of the Gold from these lands including those from Timbuckto. These charismatic historic sweeping about West Africa necessarily yield other stories as if the author without knowing builds up a great story about a great culture , but it ends by how a handsome few of loosely European origin did them altogether. It is a construct to look at these interesting stories from these 21^st Century African historians from what they are planning to address, and here we look at Foner’s account about the discovery of New Mexico and Arizona. To be sure Arizona’s histories from Federal Projects to individuals who write for and criticize Arizona, point a certain Esteban as the man who discovered Arizona. He is considered Black and a Moor, and he is said to have been the first American to have reached New Mexico.

Henry Louis Gates (1999) ‘Wonder of the African World’, played his cards on this issue about the Omar Muslims who arrived in Pemba and Zanzibar in his words in the Seventeenth century and indulged the restive conditions in East Africa by siding a certain Queen Mwama Mwema, East of what is now Mozambique against “the Portuguese at Zanzibar and Pemba”.  He went to discuss one Seyid Said Bin Sultan like many other Omani arrivals in Africa, who migrated from elsewhere to Zanzibar because of Gold, and indicated that the alliance between the Omar traders expanded to some degree that “By 1668 they controlled the Coast down to Mozambique. Thirty years later they sent the new ruler, Queens Fatuma, into exile and placed her son Hassan on the throne as their puppet.” If we accept that the incident is first indication of the Omar presence in East Africa, we are not alone in accepting that the Portuguese in Africa may have discovered a spate of two warring groups, that the Chronicles from 15th and 16th century, suggest that the prominent areas of import such as Mombassa and Malindi were at the ends of each other since the tales of Malindi welcoming Vasco Da Gama paves the understanding that they saw him and others as allies. In reality, these dates are far separated from Omar traders, will prove that the both Mwama Mwema of possible mixture of Africa and Persia ancestry were perhaps at war with other Africans and may have gotten an upper hand since in Malindi, we learn of impoverished conditions before the coming of the Portuguese. These items from studied historical purview means that infamous theories for a start about the undue and fatigue ambitions of Portugal through the chain of relational activities of Portuguese in East Africa and the ensuing slave trade, is only perhaps an item that fails to recognize that the impoverishing of the so-called routes from Africa and to India which Da Gama and company supposedly introduced to Europe. It not wrong to accept that the emphasizes on the arrival Portugal either through chance or led by the Ethiopians who were eventually called Arabs to these parts of world may be due to the associated history of African Americans and blacks in diaspora, that it begins with the arrival to the New World and that it is mere about the Slave trade and the aftermaths.  Therefore the historical conurbation for translating the histories of the Portuguese in East Africa essentially vitiates human trafficking in East of Africa. But the story is old, does not refer to both the Omar traders and the Muslims and is not central to Portugal and their activities in Africa. From this vintage it becomes easy to throw additional doubts on the erroneous and discouraging tales of millions of lives lost during the Portuguese supposed transfer of human beings, with the implied bias of these Merchants exporting to various parts of the world something in the neighborhood of 6 million Africans, a number that was just too beautiful to be historic.

From all points of embarkation from Africa before heading and eventually arriving at Brazil, we encounter the problems of narrative beginning with the discoveries of the Islands along Brazil before the supposed date of Portuguese discoveries of Brazil. There is no point placing some faith on the assumptions of the 1515 largely for the divisions of the areas of World which the Portuguese and Spanish had preeminence, some of these areas separated from each along the Spice Island as loosely and not very accurately hinted on by the Ferdinand Magellan, there is enough to believe that the areas mentioned by Peter Martyr in his account of the Discoveries of the New World in 1503, clarifies that the claims of Brazil as an entity did not vitiate until sometime later. There was Cabo Frio and a district granted inclusion under audencia of Santa Domingo generally regarded as West Indies which was central to Spanish penetration of the New World and of Mexico, and the most important settlement of these areas was called Cuba. In this form, the history of Spain in the world would have made some sense and may provide the reasons why in the course of the last 200 years or thereabout of Spanish history of the Indies saving for the incident of Portuguese vessels in the Caribbean after 1494, and the capture of these Portuguese Vessels belonging to one Esteban Gomez who Peter Martyr pointed out was the discoverer of Cabo Frio believed to be 3, 000 miles from what would essentially be called Brazil. This problem of this Esteban Frio as he is known is that he was for a time a captive of Spanish military in Caribbean and history of Arizona points that he was placed along with others whose name miraculously included a certain Vaca and were prisoners of exchange when Portuguese bearing vessel lead by Cristavo…confiscated Spanish vessels near the area associated with Portuguese…….Historically the Spanish called the Cabo Frio ‘Cabo Flores’ underlined as a land discovered during the Easter Sunday, hence the flowers of Easter Sunday. Such    

Going to the extent of Henry Louis Gates, Jr. ‘s reflections of African American lives titled ‘Looking At African American History ‘ ; 1513 – 2008 ‘, a book shockingly poor on other versions of World History including the Jewish, we read from Gates that “The history of the American people in what is now the United States began in late August 1619, when the first Cargo of “20 and odd”, African aboard an English Ship called the White Lion landed in Jamestown, Virginia.” The opening piece of literature cannot be permitted to introduce the history of African Americans in these United States, for if we look at this period as congenial to the slave era, we would have lost tract of a century of World history of these United States. Here we may claim that the shift of emphasis on the problems of say African Slave trade which began as the case would show from attempt of non-Muslims in East to protect themselves from the tenuous connection Muslims of African and Asia background and Muslims of African origins whose ancestral roots to Persia as the Kilwa Chronicles will prove, that gates position seem to me a far cry from instances of slave hunt, for sure these Portuguese or the Dutch who arrived in the East Africa, were from earlier years concerned with a form of protection.

 In some sense, these arrivals – be them marked as Angolan, may be true to a certain degree since Angola literally means ‘Anglo’ which respect to the rulers over the areas, and that this was an article of the 17th century. Here is the beginning of suspicions on the claims, for by Gates. Jr. we read that “It is difficult to comprehend the enormity of the Slave trade; incredibly, no fewer than 12.5 million were shipped to the New World between 1501 and1866.” and he goes to state that “The effect of the slave trade on Angola was devastating; 5, 494, 000 Africans were shipped to the New World from there alone, and 5, 694, 00 – 45 percent,…” were shipped from this part of Africa to other parts of the world.  The staggering numbers without respect to rapier facts of technology which even in the 16th hundreds, the true men of Spain and Portugal walked on bare foots. That the total amount of Guns for the Portuguese national treasury was about 80 in number, and that Portugal sank into decades of struggle when a ship wrecked on high sea.

The point of Da Gama ambience and travels into Asia, the works the problems of Navigation which he and the Spanish other experienced did not matter in the summing the total to such large numbers. We more indicate that Slave trade occurred superficially in the hundred years of 1750 A.D through 1850, but it needs be mentioned that the idea of say United States was born with inherited problems of Slave trade and the founding members sought ways to eradicate which finally happened in 1818 following the end of the conflict with Britain. But of course, the problems of secret penetration of American terrain did not end until sometime in 1840. But Slaves were no longer imported to the United States by 1818, and gradually outlawed by the Second half of the 19th century under Lincoln.      

Put together, the famed theories about 500 Amerindian slaves which Columbus brought from the New World to Seville does not square at all with histories of Portuguese and Spanish in Africa, the former at least in 1538 CE was invited by the Falashas to come their aid, aiming perhaps from the activities of Henry the Navigator in Ceuta who aided Christian persecuted Morocco.  There is no doubt as demonstrated elsewhere that Portuguese entered Africa as both partners in business – with respect to the Source of Gold as legends of Mansa Musa suggested, that this was as important as the intervention of the Portuguese in Christian oppressed by Muslims – some of the Muslims being of Africa descent – that the Portuguese and others gradually became interested in other things largely out of the profits, competitions and the share availability of fire power. 

But this acceptance that the Muslims and Christians of African descent baited foreigners does not deny that they, the Africans, were not involved in Slave trade. Does not also indicate that the whole process was as whole-sale as they measure it to be, since the Portuguese and the Muslims from Omar were opposite sides of divide, that it may suggest that attempts at Mombasa in 1512 AD by Portuguese, in 1516 by Portuguese, and in a decade later, failed because of the military pronounce of Mombasa - who were themselves no were related to the Omar, the later, history mentions as arrivals in the African frontiers and therefore relative outsiders to the events at Kilwa and the furthering of foreign penetration of the Asides of East Africa. Here are we likely to measure, is the history of breakdown of Africa from what was a conflict between the Muslims of two and multifarious kinds, each ridden to color and physiognomy that are usually associated with a certain kind, each with a share of history that points to Mishri, no more than the Mare Rubio or Red Sea where immigration and conflicts created a fractured society before the demise of Islam. For if we look at the problems of Turkey and their presence in the Red Sea from about the 16th century, we would have removed the troubling waters of the Yemen and their elder history to new arrivals from Asia, removed the histories of the tribes that amounted the pirates of Somali and we would be left with a varying accounts of Ethiopia and African highlands leading to the Svelte mountains and down the South of Africa. Whereas these areas from Ethiopia of the Blue Nile or the Abbia, and the Tanganyika as from Uganda of the White Nile meeting in Sudan are known to be a voted for the Cushitic languages, that among these as we have argued elsewhere is the Oromo. Some of the tribes in these areas spoke a language that was comparable to the Swahili, does not mean that Swahili in of itself has been a language of the people in the Coastal region who mingled with Arabs. It is not so for though a new item in Arabic literature points to the roots of the word Swahili, it only mentions Sahel as a word refers to the Coast. The rest is a matter of speaker community for at the bottom of the words is either the history of Shiraz or as someone indicated ‘Composition of Sungyawa’.    

We point that Henry Louis Gates Jr., that “The prospect of Amerindian Slavery was so attractive that as early as 1495 Columbus transported five hundred Native Americans back to Seville…”, as difficult to grasp, history of a Columbus bringing in 500 Amerindians to Seville does not consider the tempestuous problems of Inquisition in Seville at this point, that Spain as much Portugal was busy burying the dead and removing certain others from the Iberian Peninsula and as such were nowhere prepared let alone ridden to accommodate some unknown others of Heathen variety. But the comfiture is stayed by welcoming the acceptance that Columbus brought some people as perhaps ‘samples’ of the human elements in the Caribbean, that suggest circumstances will not fly in the face of speculative size of the boats that Columbus used in the expedition. That Columbus may have in brought a certain number or this number of slaves to Seville is without higher criticism possible. But there are reserves with peculiar respect to the three voyages made to Americans by Columbus between 1492 through 1494, and there were other voyages but these are no material to the history of America and the foundations of New Spain. This fact does not transfer to the tedium of a New World of bringing new Slaves to Spain, or measure that the Amerindians from earliest possible note in the annals of world or Spanish history who were considered slaves by the description associated with Columbus. To argue with a measured vista of the probability of bringing slaves to Spain in 1495 and particularly Seville is to refute the tension between Ceuta and Seville, for here more than anywhere in Spain was the direct question of one’s ancestral origins made more sinister by religion than the show of conscience towards Christian laws and the issue of conversion that did not hold water for Torquemada.

We are likely to work around the more secondary issue that the samples of Amerindians as they said, that arrived with Columbus to Spain may not have come as Slaves in the first place and in respite 500 in number. The number from all measure historically weight argues against such clemency for at least we know that the meaning behind the size of the Ship Columbus and Oviedo took to the Americans only in reverse psychology tolerates the claims of those transferred from Spain to other parts of the world. The primary purpose of Columbus’ travels was to drop those asked to convert to Christianity or depart, and these people like the Arabs and the Moors, were also Jews of Iberian retraction. We are likely to now fade this from history on account of the new meaning attached to the missions of Columbus and the rest of the new pathfinders.  That all information regarding their overnight sensation with the seas and with the rest of the world was not primarily to discover new lands, it was drop off those final let loose from Spain and eventually Portugal, and would matter that at least a vast space for at least 500 promotes the account of Columbus’ return. The injury widens from neglect on more proactive claim that it was magically impossible to bring more people from any place on earth at the time of the greatest dissent in the history of Spain and eventually parts of what became Italy or Italian Peninsula. It is when we look at the history to be made by casting aspersion of nearly others who were shipped or arrived from Sea by Ship to any part of the world but Spain- especially Seville, that it increases the size of the nations who sponsor it, such history like other things usually take a life of their own.

To this end, as derived from elsewhere, we are left with the constipation of Gates. Jr., inferences that “When the Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez de Aviles established St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565; he discovered a Mulatto named Luis, a free African who probably washed up on shore after a 1554 Shipwreck living with the …Indians,”, that Luis because of his ‘skill with native language’ was acquired by Aviles who helped him and the crew to further their interest. The problem with this analysis is that the Luis of a man described directly as ‘African’ and was called ‘Mulatto’ by Gates. Jr., was indirectly reduced to a slave when professor Gates mentions that he ‘probably washed up on shore after a 1554 Shipwreck’. At no point do find in this story a direct connection between a slave, a free African and a shipwreck, although he attempted to direct the contribution of these Africans into the areas of corporation, we are left to accept that nearly all the people of African descent or supposedly African descent found in America or in the Caribbean were more or less slaves who arrived by some chance on Ship. This theory is equally devoid of the long standing tradition that for instance the greater number of Slaves or whatever we might call them in the United States came from Caribbean and not from African directly. Such theory is throw-back of the older theory will misdiagnosis that the majority of the blacks in the United States and in the Caribbean came from Africa, that in the end we are perhaps left to the acceptance that the presence of Africans in the very early years of the American explorers or conquistadors, were the so-called Blacks or Africans who are hoping must not always be reduced to Slaves. Not all Blacks came from Africa to the New World, some for short, arrived the Americans through Europe and many of these already Muslims. That this continued way into the 19th centuries, for all of the Elis Island records in New York, show a sizable amount of immigrants who described themselves as Blacks and Muslims.

Considering the story of this man called Luis and his incident of Florida and adding the story of the Dutch Arrivals in New York, there is no doubt that we have read and come across another name ‘Rodriguez’, who is perhaps argued as the first non-Indian to settle in New York, that this character had rival market problems with the Dutch – some of whom of Jewish background, indicate that he was not with attachment in New York, may have been saved by Manhattan Indians in New York than any other group, that the problems of settlement of in the United States suggest opportunistic discoveries similar to the travels around Africa by Spanish Seaborne soldiers and eventually Portuguese. The case of Rodriguez may be considered a singular case of an outside who earned the confidence of Indians in what was New York, but the history of the Fur Trade in the United States is coin between the Indians and the Blacks and between the Indian Natives of what constituted the Seneca nation – particularly the Iroquois who will later dominate the Sioux Nation in aerial conflicts over the mass of Pennsylvania and New York, against the French, against the Dutch and then English simultaneously engaged in Fur Trade with Indians and would prove a replacement for the French in Ohio and in Oneida leading to the Pontiac conspiracy.

By fact, either we entertain the limits of Genoese involvement in United States from around the 16th centuries or early – given to the themes of Vivaldi brothers in Africa, their attempt to circumvent Africa in 1291 A.D but never heard of again, and the consequent discoveries, rediscoveries of the Canary Islands of West Africa, where others such Columbus would have a similar interest, we are at home in making the case that the visits to the Caribbean was no new, and that the arrivals to the Caribbean was not a matter of others conditions as Slaves or Shipmates, that the open account of the waters was never begun until the 17th centuries, to the point that even the likes of Cabot of England, himself as someone described as ‘no mean fabricator’ of Maps, it is wrong to suggest that majority of the Blacks or Africans in 1501 and half century later, who accompanied others were more to so, Slaves.  Oviedo's history

The word ‘Slave’ is not badly used that I have indicated that the eras that represent should be revisited, for to be certain that all that made it to the Americans were sold by Africans or gunthered down is to remove the implication of war that arrived in Spain and the failures of the Muslims in Cordoba and Granada to redeem those who surrendered in 1490 and 1492, that these Muslims refused to accept Christianity and were forced to pay for the war damages and redemption, were sold to a patron for services in Ceuta Morocco, and in an area that was also called ‘Sale’. The temptation of measuring the word Sale in Africa and among the Fezzan and the word sailor is root in the more endearing legacy of the Slaves. The Meaning of slaves from this period is mainly a reference to majority of activity in Ceuta and in Sale, that humans where ‘negotiated’ for and humans were sold there. The point that slave is not whether the same Slavic could brighten the reflection and the mirror of that Age that the unredeemed were forced to work as indentured servants elsewhere or in Spain. 

Need for public reasons does arise for the ideas that the Maroons for instance are not called Indians in history of the Caribbean, spoke a language that was not very intelligible to Slaves and new arrivals, that the legacy of the Maroons as Blacks is as fickle as the tale of English permeation of Jamestown without the ode to Dutch many of whom arrived the Americans from Caribbean, many of whom were Jewish, many of whom of the Jewish nation which I for one, is looking to proof that these people of Haute Nation was as much related to others in Americans as they are the Maroons. The nose-dive between Maroons and Marrano is a surgery of time, whereas Language and right tailing of academic facts without wallowing the cultivated history of recent memories concerning African Americans and slave trade should separate the formal years of say a Caribbean Island and the Marannos who arrived there, the transition years, whereas these Marranos in the so-called New World - were fought against and sometimes as in Brazil – conquered or re-conquered by the armed Portuguese or in some cases Spanish. The rest is a third angle and perhaps the most delicate; seeking to isolate the histories of these others who arrived in Africa and the means that brought them their – from the much unwritten history of the formative years of Portuguese Path finders, Spanish Conquistadors, the Maranos nation and the Dutch, and the Early pioneer histories of the United States and its frontiers.

===============================================================================

If we point out that Professor Henry Gates, equally mentioned that “In 1610 a Maroon Settlement, San Lorenzo De Los Negros (founded near modern Veracruz in the 1570s) gained freedom and municipal status from the Spanish Crown after a war led by a Black former slaves named Nyanga (Or Gasper Yanga). In other words, nine years before the Angolans came to Jamestown as slaves; a free and self-govern black municipality existed in the New World.” The whole is quite revealing, more than just the basic facts among the reactionary tendencies of some dislocated few Blacks who were later o forge a unity franchise with the natives under the names Chimarro or Cimarro and in one particular incident in South America, there was a society of determined rebellions based loosely on the administration of Yanga or Nyongo, which is supposedly the River in Congo where he was taken and sent to the South America.  This was not the first rebel group in the Indies, which is often mistaken as India, but would point out that the presence of these blacks as they were called is due to the actions which may or may not have received official sanctions, but demonstrate the extent of the active societies other than the audiences in South America. But we may have the additional recourse to promote the story that Spain for instance and Portugal, both of whom were not the only group to have expelled non-religious conformist from Iberia, were not from the beginning formally organized as it since to have appeared to the rest of the world. That these arrivals were not themselves sure of what to expect, did not permit Blacks to travel after to these parts of the World till the death of Ferdinand, or at least placed a blockage in 1501 on Blacks or so to speak the Moors who were majority Blacks, to be escorted to the New World. The lives of the Pilots and Captains of these Ships were new comers to these areas, and were not sure what to expect.

For all point of learning, the rear-view that the administrative junta in Santa Domingo and Cuba were placement areas for Spain do not reveal any formal interest in penetrating the further realms of the Atlantic towards the Americans. For that, the evolution of some societies including those of Blacks and Indians which gradually replaced older settlement in these far Indies are due to the dispersion which occurred early in the decades of discoveries, and which gradually became a force due to the wish of Spain to keep these people outside the domain of the Colonies.  As we mentioned elsewhere, it is not that difficult to point out that among the discoverers as they call them, are Spanish originals who show no biological semblance to Spanish and Portuguese others who will succeed in forcing their way on the natives. That the formal actions of the Spanish Royalty was in fact actions of the Catholic Church, that the shift from Catholic Kings to Spanish and Portuguese Kings and royal decrees did not come at the beginning, that these decrees were a product of later years, beginning perhaps with separation between of the Catholic Church from the actions of the State under Philip II. That it may therefore be said that if we are to compare the formidable actions of these Spaniards at the turn of 15^th century, to the actions taken later by their compeers, we would have seen that the 1492 and aftermath was of the last of the Christian Crusades which took a very dicey turn given the penetration of Islam. It measures that the histories of the presence of Blacks (from Berberi or Baltic; Black Sea) in the Indies suffer from translation and from the eras.  

Leslie B. Rout, Jr. (1976) ‘African Experience in Spanish America’ is a terrible recounting of the presence of Africans in ‘Spanish America’ and the lack of light in the book may be due to difficult presentation of Spanish presence in the Americas. At no point will a reader exit the book with a grim view of the French and their penetration in US, and the treatment of South American history failed to show that most parts of that Continent were not overtaken by Spain till sometime later. The separation between the Catholic Church and Spain is in this book highlighted and the effort put in by Spain to deal with local as incoming refugees and subjects in the New Spain. It is to Spain that something could be said about the conflicts and crisis in what is now the Americans. The new empire was expected to fumble with the challenges that they fetched with the natives, while reacting to Spaniards acting on their on their own interest in the Indies, dealing with France at the cross-roads of Mississippi, with new groups of others that were pouring from Europe and in spite of the Slaves from Africa. The results are one long theory of conflicts and destruction, some of which stained the Indies with Spanish Blood whereas the Bight of Mexico and the Northern Gulf revert to the daring of Hernan Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru, Montezuma is not without reckoning. But this plural affair took now meaning in light of restless Sugar Cane plantations, starting with Cuba sometime in 1522, and then onwards. It may be inferred that the attitude of the Spanish to the subjects in their Colony, do reflect the outlines of the later day attitude of say Southern States and the Americans to Slaves and runaways, some of whom were set free following the long tedious wars with Indians in Ohio heading East and along the Pennsylvania, others forced from the North to the South through divided lands of Georgia and Texas, Alabama and to a land Mississippi.  What was forfeited in the North as some of the remnant of the Master Colonials claimed stood healthier grounds to be recovered in the South, on several grounds, one the theme of landed gentry which was common to the Southern Amboy and those compelled by circumstances to till the land of the terms of no pay and no contract. 

According to Leslie Rout, “A 1522 rebellion of bondmen in Santo Domingo touched off a review of royal combination of Muslim-influenced gelofes and disgruntled Ladinos had been responsible for this frightening challenge to white authority. The further shipment of either Ladinos or gelofes to America was therefore declared an illegal action.” And according to him “This prohibition was followed by decrees on 25^th February 1530 and 13 September 1532 that specifically proscribed the dispatch of any white, Moorish, Jewish, or Ladino slave to Indies”, that “Only Africans…who were not gelofes were to be disembarked because they were considered “peaceful and obedient”…” He further stressed that “Most of the Moors and Jews left in Spain had, by 1505, undergone at least a formal conversion to Catholicism. They were of questionable orthodoxy, however, and no one was more aware of this than the crown.” That “if the religion was to be unifying principle in the New World, Muslim or Hebraic religious influence could not be tolerated. The situation immediately focused the spotlight on the Ladinos, but these Hispanicized blacks often fled rather than function as field hands or miners.  Furthermore, as Spaniards soon discovered (witness the 1522 Santo Domingo affair), the Ladinos were highly adept at rousing bozales to rebellion.” There are no limits to proving that this author, Leslie Rout, is a difficult read. The carefully manicured indictment on some of the reasons behind the sanctions on importation of Blacks in the so called New Spain, which despite been parts of the Indies and Mexico, speaks of that Mexico to include New Mexico and Texas, the author manages to let understand the beginning of the Chimarro (Cimarro) – a name which first appear to the world history from the accounts of Peter Martyr – which in the Caribbean and in the Indies were popular fronts, suggesting that these reactionaries groups who were ancestors of the Maroons did not arrive at least in principle from Africa.           

Citing Foner in this case, “When the Southwest celebrated its quasi-centennial in 1940 it was in honor of the fact that four hundred years has passed since Coronado had opened up Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and points east to Spanish settlement. No mention was made during the celebration that the real discoverer of Arizona and New Mexico, the first non-Indian to explore these regions, the Southwest, was an African, a slave, a black man.”

Why is this Conundrum of history? It is the history of a certain Estebanico (Estevanico) whose is littered through history as some slave of some second and unqualified navigator by name Dorantes, a relative of Charles V, who along with others would be asked to join a certain man by Magellan in the course the world. But this was no to take place as planned, and the long chain of history is one that mounts suspicion on some assumptions of history, that Esteban of later incarnations in the travels involving Vaca and Dorante, was himself the Captain of a ship that made its way to Texas called San Antonio. It is this part of history that combines the Esteban Gomes of Portugal with Esteban (Estebanico) of Portugal, but considered from separate periods of a two decade long navigation, both persons with such as a name is distinguished as Portuguese Maritime champion, both transferred from Portugal to Spain under the Charles V, both imprisoned in Santa Domingo, both captured by Indians and released after-wards, and both dying in the same year 1539 and they were born in the same year. Apparently, the change of service from Portugal to Spain in the years leading to the establishment of Cuba and Santo Domingo that the services of the Ship of Esteban ‘Annunciation’ and the man who sponsored him Christopher Haro (the same man sponsored Gomez) that the quest for this Esteban becomes central to the puzzle over New Mexico and Arizona. Looking at the picture of American History from the 1900’s till at least the end of the World Wars, we are likely to witness a shift from American history as transferred over the years through eye witness account and through those who witnessed the Civil Wars to American history as touchstone of heroism. It not new history that the struggles between the French and English over the lands from Nexus Eastern time – Ohio River – till at least the incident involving Pontiac, at least involved the Indians taking some measure of actions in forcing bother sides to simultaneously depart. But not until the American independence did we see an overhaul of the military stations in the North from Albany to Ottawa.  In a  stretch that paints the Indians as conquered people, it is to be mentioned that this was not the case from the beginning, that the wars in the South was quietly different and reflected certain tendencies which the 17^th and 18^th centuries did not include. In trying to show this assumption as they appear from older sources, we may look for instance at the historian of some marvel by name Bernard De Voto and his enjoyable book ‘The Course of the Empire’ (1952). This book would appeal to anyone but for those familiar with Channing, it is not wrong to suggest that it amounted almost chapter by Chapter a summary of Channing than a rendition from a master historian.

Even to the extent of Samuel Eliot Morison and his books detailing the history of Navigation from older times to Christopher Columbus; ‘European Discovery of America; 1972’ and the more audacious 1974 version concerning the Southern Voyages. These two books would not deny its implicate reconnaissance from Channing, and would in error to attempt to abrogate the history of US leading to the beginning of that American century, whereas Channing left some details about Columbus and a certain Verrazano open ended, particularly the racial stock of Verrazano where a number of historians buried there time throwing light on his supposed documents and his very personal portrait which they argued disappeared from history. In this round of historical misfortune which bedeviled extra-ordinary men like Verrazano – himself like Vespucci (Vespuche) Amerigo (Morigo) from Florence Italy, and unlike John Cabot of England and Christopher Columbus of Spain – both of whom were originally from Genoa. But these were not the only Navigators and Pilot Majors at this period from Florence under the Medici – at least in the case of Vespucci – he was sent to Portugal to Lisbon and Oporto where he established sea ferrying contracts with local business men and women, but also served the interest of Medici through Lorenzo Medici who at this period were in competition with other agencies in the Portugal and Spain. But the adventure of timber and spices continued to dominate the time of these would adventurers, called adventurers only sometime later and not before. From Bernard De Voto ‘Course of Empire’ we discover a statement by Vaca concerning Stephen, where he mentioned Esteban (Stephen) as “Arabian Black” and De Voto added that this meant Esteban was from this a ‘slave or a slave’, a slave under the moors and then a slave on his own who will ‘become a god’. De Voto delineated the impact of Estevan’s discoveries –did not even discourse and went on to show that the sometimes, messengers under the house of their masters and in this Mendoza, could be send on errand to discover a land for the master and for the sender.

Why these statements are Conundrums is that fails to show expect of history that could throw light on the nature of Columbus’ arrival in the States, for if we still consider that historically it is augmented that Leon Ponce discovered Florida, it is interestingly difficult to accept that Columbus would have known about these United States as they argued in Ribero’s map showing details of Esteban Gomes travels, and for this, the distance between Cuba and Florida – Cuba being among the earliest of Columbus’ discoveries and right over its nose would be a land that is called Florida, well known to Ojeda who may have met Gomes and company at Cardiz where slaves were sold, and then after his meeting and encounters with Ponche he from the camp of Columbus now became the founder and perhaps also the discoverer of  Florida. We can still protect that interest of authors such Samuel Eliot Morison who maintained that the claims of the land discovered by Vespucci is probably Brazil, we chime in on this with two statement from two separate sources on the use of the name America and the use of the terms ‘indies’. In a polar tug of meaning between the principle roles of the church and the royalty, between Philip II and Pope Julius II, we read concierge on the claims of the territories in what is now the Indies in 1574, that “The right of Patronage of the Indies is, alone and undivided, forever reserved to us and royal crown, and may not be alienated from it either wholly or in part”.

The holy church responded through Pope Julius II – following the example of Alex VI - which appointment in the Colonies could be done without the consent of the Church, that “conceding to the Catholic Kings all the tithes of the State of the Indies, under the condition of endowing the churches and providing the priest with proper support.” We are left with important scenarios at this period of Spanish History and the history of the New World, that these two authorities of meaning did not use the word ‘America’ or the ‘Americas’ to describe the domain of the Indies, rather they used the term ‘Indies’ indicating to some manageable light that these ‘Other World’ of Vespucci (Under Spanish Contract) - the New World of Christopher Columbus as first used as they say by Peter Martyr (both under Spanish contracts) – is a term that had no meaning in 1574 on a national level, and if such terms such as America as opposed to the 'Indies' is perhaps useful in Spain at this period, it may have therefore existed on the imaginations of the general public or within circumstances of Spanish definitions of Realms and boundaries. It will be fitting to question the plurality of the word America in terms of discoveries of the 16^th centuries, to the extent of the Maps so named after Vespucci, for if we compare the land mass in question, and the estimate that one the greatest explorers since Verrazano, Vespucci, Columbus, and Estevan Gomes, by name Samuel de Champlain tagging other such as Mathew Da Costa (Canadian legendary Sea Master), it becomes clear that United States as a Nation bounded mostly by water was a discovery hundred years in the making.

It is impossible to accept that Columbus reached America in the chum we accept it, it is no doubt a secondary argument by that we place the Maps of Madsmuller to  the fore of the argument that he could not have performed so magic an occlusion in the Map detailing the New Found lands of Vespucci as Americae, a name that has origin elsewhere and a meaning that has enjoyed a permanent stay in world histories being lifted from French translation of the Mare Indicus > Mericae, only by indictment does it stretch to a single land since 'Mericae' refers then and now to the meridian waters heading the Incas. The bipolar translation of history and geographical apartment from Genoese travels into foreign lands and Venetian map making to go back to the century of the Nomad as effectively used in Maffeo Niccolo, and Marco Polo travels to the lands of the immortal Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, to its standard forms beginning with Louis XIV of France, subtending the Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French, and English historical atlases offers America its appurtenance to history, that outsiders such as German and Prussia would have found it necessary to publish vulgarity based on loosely held opinions and figures generated by discoverers of Spanish contract. It may have reached a land – any land – may have aided others in lands afar but couldn’t have imagined that the map of US as there is now known to us.

Columbus from the Islands associated with him would be looking at the dates of his voyages, would be considering to what extent his claims or the claims associated with him by La Casas who Florentines called a liar in his time, and students of Paulo Toscanneli also hinted that Las Casas history on Columbus was set to parry his friend as the discover of America – if at all they knew what America was? These people could have known American as one giant continues land that it was in fact an Island of some sort or at least bonded by water from Sea to Shining Sea, else the maps showing as an Island could as well mean the Caribbean or a West Indies formally or not formally known.  If Vespucci is considered to be the man who discovered Brazil or that the land he discovered was Brazil, it should be difficult to compose such a theory going at the fact that Spanish gentlemen and pilots were not permitted to sail anywhere close to the area that is now Brazil. The other issue is that document of Tordesila of 1494 involving limits of the arguments about the Portuguese request to the Pope to amend the division of the territories to eventually include Brazil, was ultimately untrue, for how could the Pope and the Portuguese had in 1494 discovered a land that entered into the Annals of World Maps in 1515, believed to have been visited by agents of Vera Cruz and Cabral in 1500. Both parties including the oath and innuendo of Alonzo Ojeda who claimed to have seen Vespucci on his return from what was called Brazil is in of itself an unfulfilled assertion, for if this was half true and if for now such half-truth are accepted as true or factual as a construct, the likely possibilities of this meeting would be in Florida where the samples of the wood called Brazil was also said to have been collected by some of the explorers. Historically the sketch of Vespucci's visit to the New World – discovering Another Land – makes it’s clear that these were perhaps one of the series of land and Islands between Cuba and the United States. In this case, it may well be the land of beautiful flowers or the Beresi (The Land of the Bless'd) alternately described as Brazil therefore a generic term for beautify lands mainly associated with a type (Escrovas or Dye wood) which Vespucci brought a sample. It was customary to bring samples of dye woods from lands afar, it is usually a summation of the probable fact, but it was gradually and eventually a ploy or     

Federal writers series on New Mexico (1942) which coincided with the celebration of the discoveries of the South West, transferred from the histories of New Mexico through the forms of a messenger traveling ahead of Coronado’s expedition, but moved ahead of Fray Marcos, entering into areas of New Mexico and then ended his travels with two Greyhounds in Arizona. That the story begins with version available to them through a certain Castaneda who witnessed the preparation made by the Governor of New Spain at this time by name, Nuno De Guzman in 1528 and eventual encounter with four survivals of a ship wreck, which included “Their leader, Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca,….Andres Dorantes, Alonso De Castillo Maldonado, and Estevan, the Negro Slave of Dorantes, wandered from the Coast of Texas to the Spanish settlements on the Gulf of California.” These men and their original crew had left Spain for Florida in 1927 and was ship wrecked as they said and were the only survivors.  Based on the story, the slave Estevan was after consultation with Antonio Mendoza who in separate history requested the audience of Dorantes along with Estevan, who he mentioned had intelligence after having travelled around the world. But in this case, they were said to have been sent along with others to discover lands beyond the Spanish settlement, and this expedition involved Estevan and not the other three, and would include Fray Marcos.  According to the Story, “Marcos set out from Culiacan on March 7, 1539, following the west coast of Sonora Valley where he stopped to rest and sent Estevan on ahead to explore and report back to him. If the Country was unusually good Estevan was to send a cross two hands long; if it was as rich and populous as New Spain, a still larger cross” Four days later, an Indian returned with a big cross, and the book continued that Fray Marcos followed after Estevan to the Northern Mexico and Southeastern Arizona but did not ‘over take Estevan, however, who reached the Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh, the first of the Seven Cities, and was killed there. Fray Marcos, upon learning of the Negro’s death, did not turn back until May, 1539, when, according to his account, he beheld Hawikuh from the top of a nearby mesa, the Zuni not permitting the friar to approach nearer.”

It seems important that emphasis on the nature of the discoveries were carefully made, that at least a recognition was given some member of a crew he was not originally part of. In the end, there was an end to the party of Marcos who in his account did not venture the areas that was traversed by Estevan. It seems that even from half the story concerning a man traveling ahead of his crew, a process familiar with explorers and pilots that he could not by tradition been what he was regarded by history to be, for instance a slave of Dorantes whose own history was well known. It should be clear that the impressions that we draw from even Mendoza, do indicate that Esteban was not unknown and in the words of Mendoza, he needed the Negro since 'he had been everywhere'. For if these men had enough of slaves or workers at this point in New Spain, there will not be needling additional mouth to feed saving for what he possessed which neither Vaca or Dorantes had. It seems that the man appeared from nowhere that he was among the few survivors in some disastrous outfit. Yet the commingled story as presented in this case do not dodge a form of history which could have been possibly were it not for the size of the events. That it seems moving from Texas to places such New Mexico towards Arizona is a natural inclination, may also appear to suggest that the story about their travels from Spain towards Florida in 1927 places a date that even the merest comparison between the several Gomes would more than make some sense. From the earlier dispatches on Charles V mission on a certain Gomes (Gomez) in 1522, sends us back to the period of the Magellan, that at least that much is known that Esteban Gomes did rebel against Magellan over the Straights which was allotted to him which others claimed was not his to have discovered, that Magellan did not also circumvent the world as he claimed. In reality, the release from jail by Charles V of Esteban was done with respect to the travel to Cathay which he claimed was possible if they traveled from the area heading North. That Charles V was inclined on honoring Gomes who he originally threw in jail, suggest that his actions may or may have based on the death of Magellan in 1521 in Philippines as they claimed, further the proving that some reason for the fears of Esteban was realized, perhaps they were shorter routes around world and roving west from Portugal to Pacific claimed to have been discovered by Balbao, there was the encounter with the hollow structure at the middle of nowhere (Bermuda triangle).     

It is this case and under the challenges that Verrazano presented, who at least by Winter of 1523 through 24, was said to reached Maine or discovered some areas beyond the known frontiers of the East. In some sense, the effort to push Esteban to the Sea, and the time of one month granted him by Charles V to build a new Ship, which was eventually designed as a Portuguese Vessel, reveal the lasting impact of a legend at Sea whose problems were compounded with the contrasts with Spain. For if as some American historian mentioned, that some of the claims about the Esteban is correct, that the land between New England through Delaware were called ‘Land of Estevan’  and to the point of Florida was also called ‘Land of Esteban and Antonio Ayullon’ that Columbus could not have discovered America. In a sense, the theory that the North was circumvented by Gomez is not an article of history, for it seems that such a person could not have also be the same man as the Esteban of the Ship wreck. In some sense, the discoveries of New Mexico and Arizona may have come by accident in the triumphs of Esteban acting under his sponsors, but such a person could not have been the same Pilot of the North proceeding Verrazano and following after him. The charter of the Sea navigation of the North in places such as the Hudson River as allotted to Henry Hudson and others following after Verrazano will fail accommodate the twist and turns of this man who was called Negro –Nico, as from Estebanico , Stephen the Negro.  But yet the long travels associated with in this area from New England to Delaware only points to a new direction heading south. That the said Gomes is same as the man who mutinied against Magellan through light on his past with Ships sailing towards Portugal at the time of Solis who apprenticed under Vespucci. We clarify that it seems that the role of Cristobal Lisboa and the travels which appear in some account in German of Genoese and Venetian lumber jacks who discovered new woods either in the Caribbean or what now Brazil is, would decide if for instance, Vespucci actually landed the New World of America as he claimed, if this Cabo Frio which is not different from Cabo Frijid meaning Cape Frezzon, which the Spaniards called Flores, then Vespucci would have arrived the Americans and the Brazil woods from Florida was one of the Brazils which the English associate with Silos who took over from Vespucci as Venetian lumber jacks in Portugal and Lisbon. As the short story is                 

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Not long ago we discussed some important contemporary history of the Spanish and their influence on these Americans. That it seems that when all the factors affecting the history of Africa is combined that the age of the civilizing forces and the breadth of that civilization is not well treated. As such it is more than common practice to confuse the age of European presence in Africa with the age of Discovery. The Age of Slave Trade can be made that history of African must written from both 'written and archeological sources', and from African history before the age of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and African pagan religion.  We must note that there is a whole lot that Hindu has to say about the continent, not in terms of what the culture say about Africa, but in terms of the people of Asia, the culture of India, the connecting thread of San of East Africa and their language to Sanskrit of India directly across from Ethiopia and East Africa.

In a way, the age of some of the more symbolic structure of African writing and language has to be diffused with barest outlines of family tree developed from common World history and anthropology of the last few centuries. Europe influenced Africa in the last century, and with this theory goes the problem that the world discovered itself only in the last few century’s years.  African language say a lot about the history that governs with it, speak so loud that a comparison between an African language such as the Igbo of Nigeria and Greeks, give us reason to argue possibilities also. African History can better see the light if these points are understood. We can and in spite of the very meaning of the word European centric redeem some of the grave errors associated with the there is an accuracy allegations in so far Afrocentric is concerned.

City College L. Jeffries and Nathaniel Norment, Jr. The African American Studies Reader, attempted to present the argument that much of the cultures of the World in the way they are understood need to revisited.  Whatever may be the guiding reason for their reserves deserves a second look, particularly Professor Jeffries who has made all kinds of arguments about general experience of Blacks around the World and why Black Studies instead of African American Studies are paramount importance. He is concerned that there is nothing in the easy half of the argument that African Studies in his view does not incorporate all the elements of the word Blacks and the Black experience. Professor Norment himself has worked hard to create a brochure for Black Studies that should present the

There is nothing wrong in treating Africa to its more candid light of the past, but then Afrocentric leaves us with all kinds of arguments involving a degree of consciousness and recognition, that "when a person recognizes that his or her Skin is black or her heritage is black..." is quite an injury to the status quo of African Americans towards the

Whereas other ventures into the past of the continent has yielded less result, it is Afrocentric studies that seeks to crack into Africa and its past by higher criticism and assertive necessity. The assertive quality of Afrocentric, forces itself to bear some arms against academic intimidation. There is no end to the issue surrounding published opinions regarding institutional history that need to corrections, but in terms of how the world is expected to fair against the direct facts of the Africa's past, there is a serious resistance - institutional habits are stubborn. It is common sense in many ways than one to force the argument that Afrocentric is a political item from the beginning that it however suffered several degrees of incarnation as time proceeded, and is not without reason that it failed to demarcate the very political side of it from the more academic side.

In brighter days, we may have looked at several people of the past for instance, Markovits, Frank Boaz, etc, some of whom may or may have contributed to Afrocentric in terms asking Africans to tell their own stories. But these people did not mean to suggest that African history was part of the overall world history, they meant to suggest that history of a people is history of a people. One of the more telling influences of that whole era is Franz Boaz, whose influence on American intellects such Greenberg is not diluted. Of course the men are several disciplines apart but they and their group may have succeeded in doing is channeling what is left of Africa.

In Franz Boaz 'Race, Language, and Culture' (Univ. of Chicago Press), that "If we could show how people of exactly the same biological composition react in different types of environment much might be gained. It seems to me that the data of history create a strong presumption in favor of the same genetic composition," The relationship between the physical and social Anthropology'  "....The free and easy English of Elizabethan times, contrast forcibly, with the preudsih Mid-Victorian; the Norse Viking and the modern Norwegian do not impress us at the same; the stern Roman republic and his dissolute descendant of imperial times present striking contrasts."  "The fundamental thought underlying eugenic theory is that no environment influences can modify these characteristics which are determined by hereditary nature. Nurture, it is said, cannot overcome nature"

In terms of Biology and intelligence, we read from Franz Boaz in page 11, that "North Europeans tested in our country were found as a whole decidedly superior to South Europeans, Europeans as a whole to Negroes. The Question arises, what does this mean? If there is a real difference determined by race, we should find the same kind of difference between these racial types wherever they live."

Complex is too thick to analyses, but its impediments and its interpretation of actions or 'dreams' of a people or a body are inextricably linked, so that one cannot speak of a particular society without placing himself or herself at the center of it.  One way we can escape the repressions of Afrocentricism. In essence, it could be said that from the beginning that historians of African descent and those resulting from the Pan African missionary interventions in the continent were unlikely to be taken serious - not then and not now - for sure, these individuals were speaking the polished grammar of self-preservation with the camouflage of reason and identity - or so it seems. Historically some of their more grand motifs and academic disciplines are factor that has yielded its light in world history and in the story of African history.

Markovits.

All things 'being equal', the protest literature and verity of argument towards actualizing Africa (Independence), would only led the best minds of the day who may have genuine courses and breakthroughs in history or science into the avenues of borrowed Western 'complex'. Their history is not meant to be taken seriously, so also the people we now call Afrocentric. Yet their history is the only thing that stands between what for instance the Bible mentions about Shem, Ham, and Japheth and the Noah their father, and the fact that the story about these three and retentions of Ham in the tale is a story that arrived the world history between 2010-1900 BCE. Here as we have noted elsewhere, that Noah as a historical figure and the father of Shem, Ham and Japheth, were matters settled after the flood. How these sons or one of these sons would amount to Africa is a history that is quite baffling, to the actual degree that a 12th dynasty in Egypt has all but come to its end. This is one of the problems associated with Afrocentric. 

If there is a second problem associated with Afrocentrics and Blacks Studies in general, it is the issue of presenting the history of the African Continents with particular emphasis on the Continents. In a sense, the trend of regarding those who made it outside the continent as late the last 300 years ago, as the more dominant trend in discussing African history and the Africans, has only forced the material case of 'presenting' the overall history of the people into the district of Slave Trade and Diaspora aftermath. Of course we may remember that the earliest Pan Africanist attempted to show that the culture that was imposed on the Africans and the Blacks in general, may have gone far too long and that evidence to challenge some of the basic assumptions about the Continents and the Africans as well. In reality, there are various version of world history that has been ignored for some time and part of this reason is that Europe and Asia, seem to have read themselves into such History. It may be the case the Europeans and their descendants in North Americans may be late comers to the history of the world and the history of Africa, but there is serious issues of the Africans who are not one people or particularly blacks as the case will show.

Taking the short route seems to be the handle of the thrust and the issue at hand would be seen as the receiving end. We are dealing with African history which is quite long, to the fact that a section of Africa from many aspects of history, may take a lifelong career. There is "Africology is primarily pan Africanist in its treatment of the creative, political and geographical dimensions of our collective will to Liberty....A second proposition is that the Afrologist by virtue of his perspective, participates in the coming to be of new concepts and directions. His perceptions of reality, political and social allow him to initiate novel approaches to problems and issues"

V.Y Mudimbe (The Idea of Africa) is shrouded in one sentence research. It is one of the many books that deal with the story of Africa and the Africans from the acquired discipline of Museum studies. This resolution of pictures and images from Africa and about Africans gives birth to a whole lot of information about the past. This past is a mirage. We are left to consider the near possibility of such mirage from stethoscope of archeology and its antiquity and there is a mysterious missing gap of those older years which we cannot easily verify. Taking a cue from current rehearses on African history, the problem of presentation among the Africans is quite unique in getting past some of the high knowledge and assumption in the book and in the page.

 Jacob Carruther ‘Classification of Black Scholars' interested in African presence of Greco-Roman antiquity, described them in the following ways.  (1) First Group "Old Scrappers" - 'without any training, dedicated to recovery of black histories (2) Second group includes "George Washington Williams, W.E.B Dubois, John Hope Franklin, Anthony Nogueria, and Ali Mazrui", argued that blacks had a share in building of the pyramid. (3) Cheikh Anta Diop, Ben Jochannan, and Chancellor Williams, gives Africa the initiatiive n building the pyramid. (4) There was the fourth group whose theories were beyond dispute and these people should include (5) Martin Bernal. There is the fifth of those groups that included Martin Bernal and some of sources such as the Ancient History of Hindustan.

The author cited R. Lious (1981) (?) who once suggested that the 'description of Africa 'could be broached my three main processes; (1) a mythic representation; that is from the time of 'Homer to Sixth-century art; anthropological reflection (2) 'from the mid-fifth century in iconographic date and from the Hellenistic period in literacy texts (3) the representation of Africans are the unknown other to be feared. From these informed dispatches of African history, Mudimba pretty much summarized that models of African Studies; Mythic and Anthropology', essentially arise.

Drusilla Dunjen Houston (Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, 1926, 1985) is one those books that survive from older days. She was no doubt effective in dealing with the issue of Ethiopia and among the first to demonstrate that the before the advent of Arabs from Asia and other tribal groups, there were several languages and several cultures that were ultimately African in its origins. This fact is now demonstrated as accurate by Staurt Munro-Hay and Paul Heinz in their recent and critical studies of East Africa and Aksum where they separate and independently showed that indigenius Ethiopian culture was evident from archeological records and by the history of language.

Professor Joseph Harris "Although professor Frank Snowdew in his book, Blacks in Antiquity; Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman experience, is not convinced that racism was cultivated in the Greco-Roman experience, he has nonetheless confirmed that skin color was "upper most in the minds of Greeks and Romans" when describing Ethiopians, and that artistic representations are sufficient in quantity from Sixth century B.C to permit the conclusion that "tightly curled or wolly hair; broad, flattended noses; lips thick, often puffy and everted; prognathism" were African characteristics familiar to the Hellenistic world."

Grace Hadley Beardsly (The Negro in Greek and Roman Civilizations; a Study of the Ethiopian Type; 1929) is considered a classic in the Genre. Frank Snowden, Jr. (Blacks in Antiquity) and Engelbert Mverg and his Greek Sources for African history are those that

Frank M. Snowden, Jr. (Blacks in Antiquity; 1970); deals on 'Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience' and measure the sculptural images from a so-called Greco-Roman world, that bear prints of "color" "lips thick" "tightly curled and woolly hair" and "broad and flat noses" and these images are received in our generation by a version of Black Studies emphasizing Black presence in antiquity. This term 'Black presence' should no doubt be mistaken with Diop's 'African presence' or 'presence African' in Egyptian Art, a theme now celebrated as a Afrocentric if only we mention an opponent 'Stephen Howe' in this case. Yet it need be mentioned that the case of Blacks in antiquity via physical types and images is very old theory but in recent times, it is a bias associated with the work of a Museum Artist and paper Historians. Snowden's book scores on many historical levels but is mainly the work of paper Tigers and not very correct about the Greek and Roman views about Africa, views that could never have different from the ones available in Egypt from the earliest days until recently.

It is impossible to deny that the visual art as in sculpture has not more than taken its share of African history and has its moments in terms of connecting the past to the present, where and how the Greeks and Romans saw Africans. One professor whose book has generated a lot of interest is among the writings of all, and in terms of African history - if not architecture, there has always been the issue of establishing the presence of Blacks in antiquity and in recent times, some historians has gone out of their way to make believe that certain obdurate claims be placed on the objects. One of the major proponents of this idea is one Mrs. G.H Beardsley (The Negro in Greek and Roman Civilization: A Study of the Ethiopian Type) that made a career of these Negro types and Negro people in Greco-Roman world, 'who also considered literary evidence'. The impact of this approach to Black studies is quite enormous. Snowden and Beardsley made argument about Black presence in Antiquity using Museum pieces but the problem with reductionist approach is that it perpetuates a certain degree of prejudice.

It is with reason can we all suggest that all sense about African History in the next foreseeable years must result to a more comprehensive study of World Histories, particularly the history of the Coastlines and the history of what is actually African Image and presence. The Coast lines  of Nilotic culture and contacts with the rest of the world is of great significance since it gives a piecemeal look at the degree of penetration of several cultures of the world on Africa, it also mirrors the age of their respective influences. Whether we accept the position that the broad geography of the continent fosters a sense of occupation by nations that are settled in these places or not, we must state that East Africa is divided between history of Africa and those who settled there, and in the North is divided between the history of Africans of the North and the Asiatic that are mainly in Egypt. The West of Africa is not that different either

Philip Foner’ (History of Black Americans; 1975) may receive a passing mark on the historicity of Blacks in the Americans, but it lacks many points as well, to a point, we refer to his arrangement of two institutions of Black Slavery which paints every picture dim on American history. That one, two houses on the study of the differences between institutions of Slavery may be reduced to Tannenbaum and Elkins, and among the group should be added Gilberto Freyne, and others from mainly Sao Paolo that oppose this groups. According to him, the first of these schools which includes (10 Frank Tannebaum (2) Stanley Elkins (3) Gilberto Freyre (4) Manoel de Oliviera  Lima (5) J.S Taylor and Herbert Klein where primarily concerned with the essential effect of Slave trade on the children of ex-slaves, and seem to have enhanced their pursuit of unraveling the psychology of the Blacks and others who were victims of the abuses from the arguments of Tannenbuam, that the impact of this period on the “…the attitude toward manumission”. The essential canal of this theory is the provision of Black Pathology, subject to the psychology of reaction among these Blacks and children of the past, leaning of the science of revolution and the aggregate impact of oppressive society on its victims. 

He was followed up in US by Stanley Elkins, known to have insisted that the blacks and the children of ex-slaves were affected by what Tannenbuam described as ‘Infantile Psychology’, that the issue of religion and the idea of moral parentage were the products of gentrification which was mainly possible in areas of tolerance without a prospect of fully emancipating these slaves or subjects. For instance the case of Brazil under Portugal and the Blacks who were forced to reside in large farms, whereas people like Gilberto Freyre pointed out, that Brazil for its size and people nurtured institutions that permitted a few Portuguese families to own areas as big as the size of England, that the take on racial profiling may have been less in Portugal but not to the extent of permitting their independence through economic growth.  The issue of a child relying on its parents for food and direction is no wise different from these gentrified former colonist in South America and in some part of the United States, that the Blacks who were forced to embraced their master and his religions, where by circumstances of that period led to accept Whites for instance as masters and parents, and since the two extremes of the unfortunate incident were existing perpetually in one area, these Blacks and former slaves were never able to reach maturity, and where therefore children in their adult bodies. Psychologically, one may be tended to accept some of the basic assumptions in these schools, especially on why the age of Slave trade affected Blacks in the past and are still affecting their pursuance of freedom and financial resources in 21^st century. They were never able to conceive of themselves as adult capable of making decision without marking the approval of their peers, and had been said to have relied on others for financial success.

While we may certainly delve the fractures in the piece, it is Freyne and his passions for sufferings of Blacks in Brazil, his linking of Moors in Brazil – who he clarified attempted to maintain their culture to bitter ends of Brazil declaration of rights or revolution 1898 – that give weight to the chain of conceptions regarding the interpretative psychology of the histories of Blacks in South and North America.  The influence of Melville Herskovits in Gilberto Freyne is so present that it seems we have eluded the primary causative of Herskovits whose articles and books were perhaps a natural reaction to Harry Johnston and his reductions on African Societies as primitive. Felix Ortiz on the lives and times of Blacks in Cuba may have similar Jobs, although his works are merely derived from what is left than the natural construct which is the difference between the Ortiz and the Freyne. The other group of influences may have also come through Ulrich Philip, emphasizing the elements of history in the fashion of Toynbee that attempted to raise material issue of facts and interpretations from preconceived notions.  

To what ends can the Philip Foner’s pointing to the presence of others in what is now the Americans pretend to discover, saving the only thing it should be, that the continents are not eagerly composed of one people, that cultures separate from each to a certain degree and by Arts, there is a greater gap between Guatemala and Yucatan, and the rest of the many few disposed across the littoral of American design. Where the earliest groups of the Incas, Mayan, and Aztecs, essentially derived from older visitors, or from rear, can be argued that the lack of monuments in native American India reserves indicate that they – unlike say the Apache and pueblo, or the Zuni with sprinklings of older inscriptions – were as the Iroquois of farther East the last of the arrivals from other places. In Foner we compare this saying that “Some authorities contend that Africans crossed the Atlantic before the entry of Columbus. Those who advance this claim state that between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries the Mandingoes of the Mali and Songhai empires carried on trade with Western Hemisphere Indians and even established colonies in the Americas, in northern Brazil, Mexico, Florida, new Mexico, and California.” According to him, the theory is “…based on reports of fifteenth and sixteenth-century Spanish explorers, as well as on similarities between early American and African Arts, legends, and burial customs, and the presence in the New World, before the arrival of Columbus, of crops that purported originated in Africa….” The attempt at such contention which is not without merits is based on eye witnesses’ account and is probably a reaction from some of the accounts of the New World which Navigators and Pilots such as Verrazano brought to their commissioners. Verrazano working on the flag of the French and with commission from Francis I, King of France, described the people that he saw in a place called Cape of Fear, that these people were in his words physically different from other natives of East Indies, that there were physically closer to Negroes. One of these accounts appear in the Edwards Channing ‘History of the United States’ (1905; Pp.90-2) concerning Giovanni Da Verrazano whose travels 1523-1524 is known for the records that “…he came across a party of natives who appeared to him as black as Negroes and quite unlike the Indians of Eastern Asia, but the Indies were doubtless near at hand….Sailing northward, the navigators followed the coast and entered New York harbor, but they made no long stay there because their anchorage just inside of Sandy hook was exposed to the winds from the Sea. At Newport they made a longer visit and were impressed b natives of that region, whose mild and pleasant expression to their delighted eyes closely resembled that of the folk of antiquity.” The books on this fable are long lived, does not translate their Channing with obvious English vista on American history was right, does not also dispose the elements of Verrazano’s claims as inaccurate. It lives us without other histories, one concerning the visits of Jack Cartier in 1540’s to St. Lawrence, where from all accounts regarding the people he found in this place or what became St. Lawrence, were mainly Black looking inhabitants, some of men engaging in his claims in Fur trade with Indians and the rest were half naked fisher men. It should point to a list of possible tenets of history regarding the earliest contact between Indians – whoever they are – and non-Indians. In many parts of the United States, the connection between Indians and others were made possible by Blacks or those who were considered blacks. One of caveat to the probable origins of some of the tales is a reference to Oviedo’s ‘General History’ where in his account of some of the early persuasions and influences of Columbus, did mention that there was an account of three who survived a Sea wreck and somewhere ended up at the house of Columbus and his family Alternately, this man who died in that was Domenico who is said to be a Lankra man whereas official history of Columbus point to this man as Columbus’ father. It may be sweating on this fact that Domenico may at least being somewhere close to Columbus, but since the incident of very hungry and sickly three or originally five survivors ended at their house, it does indicate that the story probably started in Genoa or Cordoba before Columbus’ arrival to Portugal. Historically, It is said that these men where Muslims, but how it moved from three survivors to one dead out of which Oviedo is his accounts suggest Columbus may have learnt the story of the India of the Lands afar and of the possibilities of traveling to Cathay or Cipango from somewhere in the Mediterranean. The connection of Columbus to the supposedly Templars may have given a version of the stories a color of Templars, that these survivors may have been Templars and in some accounts were in fact Templars who provided his host with these accounts of Ships traveling far away. But this is likely the case, when from other accounts, many people as they mentioned in Portugal refused to admit their strangers to their home.

The theory of Columbus being involved in some distant war before his travels may have become part of his story from lips of these visitors. If we compare the argument of the letters of Toscanelli to Columbus and the correspondence which historians claim to be false or fraud, we are not outside the box in showing that Columbus is an identity from Sailor familiar with long distance. Perhaps the temptations of Canary Island which is West Africa, not too far from Senegal itself or Mauritania misdiagnosed as land of Moors; the possibilities of travels into the interiors of Florida seem less than possibility. In praise of the efforts put in by both Spain and Portugal, particularly Spain in forging a new Amada after the conflicts at Exife and the confiscation of the Sea trotting Mother Ship called eventually Santa Maria by the Count of Medina-Celi, who became so named by Borgia – who in spite of other Medina ship lines, such Medina-Sidonia….appointed a non-Muslim to be a count – although his position as Spanish grandee does not easily mean he was from the beginning a Christian. …. as if the Medici were no longer working with gonfalco of Florence – Pietro Sediori (?) and Machioni who were Bankers for Venetian Ship lines, who emphasized travels into the unknown parts of the world searching for Escrovas (spice trees) mistaken in historical chronicles as slaves. Some numbers of these Escrovas cut and timbered from interior parts of the world as fitting number of Slaves to and from these places including the Indies. The other probably inducing from the presence of Blacks or so to speak Africans whoever disingenuous, may be due to the age of the observations and the impressions of these Moors from Spain who Columbus in one letters to Isabella mentioned could team up with the natives and make unholy alliance against the Catholic kings. This scenario leaves a possibility of the story to emerge from the duct tape that these areas along what is now United States and parts of the North and South America were repositories from Europe, persons believed to be victims of the last crusades in Europe and particularly speaking in Spain. While the Columbus is consider a main event in the affairs of the Voyage of 1492, there are others such Luis Santangel – treasury to Aragon who contributed from his pocket a total of 4 million maravedis(?), whereas Isabella contributed 1.2 million maravedis and Columbus and his company friends surprisingly produced 500 thousand maravedis (?is). From all accounts, it seems that Luis Santanagel contributed the most. Since he is not said to have directly benefited, it leaves other conclusion that perhaps the resources came from Aragon but as we know too well that these men Christopher Haro and Santangel were considered people of the Nation or Sovereign people, who unlike Isaac Abranavel became conversos and in direct incident of Santangel became a Christian on loss of his wealth. Abranavel was a much accomplished Portuguese Treasurer and was already a man of renown among his people and in Europe, and a Rabbi of some sort before the direct incident of 1492. He is said to have encouraged the Voyage of Columbus, contributed 5 million maravedis to evacuate Jews from both Spain and Portugal, making it easier that the Voyages were not ordinary, that the movement to these lands in the Fourth parts of the World couldn’t have been new, that the origins of the Fur trade at St. Lawrence papered out in some history as Vinland the Good where the North men first landed in accounts of Codex Fribianus or Friis, where a certain son of Eric the Red was said to have accidental encountered. In motivation to the travels of more recent Spaniards – or at least Mariners working for and in the interest of Spain such a certain Esteban Gomez who is said to have discovered the lands which includes St. Lawrence to the Nova Scotia, and associated with the areas believed to have also been visited by Verrazano including Delaware and New Jersey, leading to East of Florida, the first installment of the Fur trade with Indians by these men, including Ayllon of Portuguese origins but on Spanish contracts, pave way to a reality that these areas were perhaps not new and not nearly new at the time of Columbus and at the time of Spanish arrivals to the New World. For all intent of history, we compare the efforts of arranging over 120 ships to evacuate Muslims wishing to depart from Iberia and the Jews as well who were directly affected to the assumptions that the direct corollary between the Americans at least in Florida and Cuba, and in parts of Caribbean to Africa is not in many ways an accident, does not mean it to be true going to a large extent of Spanish presence    

=================================================================================.